he line. The four items are:

"(1) _The distinction between spiritual and temporal
power--the mutual independence of Religion and Government._
The form of religion or the form of government does not and
cannot decide the question. Thus in Russia the Greek
Christian Church is Oriental because it makes itself one
with the State and is used by the State as a club to keep
the subjects of the State in political subjugation.

"(2) _The recognition of the equal value of woman and man._
Occidentalism feels that woman and man are different but
does not feel that man is superior to woman. Discussions of
the _differences_ between man and woman sometimes occur in
Occidental countries as was the case in the late disputes in
England as to woman's fitness for politics. There was no
implication that man was an animal superior to woman. In
Occidentalism woman and man are considered equal before the
law and in the eyes of God, while in Orientalism women are
often little better than slaves and in some eastern
religions are not supposed after death to go to heaven.

"(3) _The recognition of the rights of the individual._ All
individuals are considered equal before the law. The
individual is not a means to some end--he is an end in
himself. This is laid down in its spiritual aspect in
Christianity and in every form of Christianity. The
difference consists in this: that in Occidental Christianity
it acted as a germ--as the principle of an evolution which
led through a painful ascension of numberless steps to the
idea of juridical and social equality. In Oriental
Christianity the germ remained secluded in the spiritual
sphere, without taking effect in the secular order.

"(4) _The recognition of the dignity of labor._ In
Occidentalism there is none of the feeling that to labor is
unworthy; there is none of the feeling that to labor is the
part of slaves and lower creatures. Christ was a carpenter
and the son of a carpenter; he chose his disciples from
amongst fishermen and laborers and laid down the rule that
labor enhances the dignity of man.

"These four items contain the elements of all progress and that is why
Occidentalism alone is really progressive. Whatever progress is
achieved by Orientals consists in adopting certain technical results
of Occidental