correspond with the depths marked are called _marks_. All
other depths are called _deeps_. The hand lead is marked as follows:

2 fathoms--2 strips of leather.
3 fathoms--3 strips of leather or blue rag.
5 fathoms--A white rag.
7 fathoms--A red rag.
10 fathoms--A piece of leather with one hole in it.
13 fathoms--Same as at 3.
15 fathoms--Same as at 5.
17 fathoms--Same as at 7.
20 fathoms--2 knots or piece of leather with 2 holes.
25 fathoms--1 knot.
30 fathoms--3 knots.
35 fathoms--1 knot.
40 fathoms--4 knots.
And so on up to 100 fathoms.

The large hand leads are hollowed out on the lower end so that an
"arming" of tallow can be put in. This will bring up a specimen of the
bottom, which should be compared with the description found on the
chart.

All up-to-date sea-going ships should be fitted with Sir William
Thompson's Sounding Machine (see picture in B. J. Manual). This machine
consists of a cylinder around which are wound about 300 fathoms of piano
wire. To the end of this is attached a heavy lead. An index on the side
of the instrument records the number of fathoms of wire paid out. Above
the lead is a copper cylindrical case in which is placed a glass tube
open only at the bottom and chemically colored inside. The pressure of
the sea forces water up into this tube, as it goes down, a distance
proportionate to the depth, and the color is removed. When hoisted, the
tube is laid upon a prepared scale, and the height to which the water
has been forced inside shows the depth in fathoms on the scale.

DIVIDERS

The dividers are nothing but an instrument for measuring distances,
etc., on the chart.

THE LOG

There are two kinds of logs--the chip log, used for measuring the speed
of the ship, and the patent log, used for measuring distance run.

The chip log consists of a reel, line, toggle and chip. Usually a second
glass is used for measuring time. The chip is the triangular piece of
wood ballasted with lead to ride point up. The toggle is a little wooden
case into which a peg, joining the ends of the two lower lines of the
bridle, is set in such a way that a jerk on the line will free it,
causing the log to lie flat so that it can be hauled in. The first 10 or
15 fathoms of line from the log-chip are called "stray line," and the
end of this is distinguished by a mark of red bunting. Its purpose is to
let the chip get clear of the vessel's wake. The marks on the line