_ of the Pampas.

[11] Mexico as it was and is, p. 144.

[12] Id. p. 201; and see Stephens' Travels in Yucatan,--where, he says,
the maxim is that "los Indios no oyen sino por las nalgas,"--the Indians
only hear through their backs.

[13] Zavala Revoluciones de Mejico, vol. i, pp. 15, 16. "Este escandalo
estaba autorizado por la costumbre de mi provincia." Zavala was one of
the wisest and most illustrious patriots of Mexico. His History was
published in Paris in 1831.

[14] It will be recollected that the outburst of the Mexican revolution
was not in favor of republicanism; but only against misgovernment. It
was not against the _form_ of rule, but against the _men_ who ruled.
Even the plan of Iguala offered the crown of Mexico to Ferdinand, as a
separate kingdom. See Robinson's Memoirs of the Mexican Revolution.

"It is related that Hidalgo, the celebrated priestly leader of the
revolutionary movement, was accustomed to travel from village to village
preaching a crusade against the Spaniards, exciting the _creoles_ and
Indians; and one of his most effective tricks is said to have been the
following. Although he had thrown off the cassock for the military coat,
he wore a figure of the Virgin Mary suspended by a chain around his
neck. After haranguing the mob on such occasions, he would suddenly
break off, and looking down at his breast, address himself to the holy
image, after the following fashion: 'Mary! Mother of God! Holy Virgin!
Patron of Mexico! behold our country,--behold our wrongs,--behold our
sufferings! Dost thou not wish they should be changed? that we should be
delivered from our tyrants? that we should be free? that we should slay
the gachupines! that we should kill the Spaniards?'

"The image had a moveable head fastened to a spring, which he jerked by
a cord concealed beneath his coat, and, of course the Virgin responded
with a nod! The effect was surprising--and the air was filled with
Indian shouts of obedience to the present miracle."--Mexico as it was
and as it is, p. 230.

[15] The term _creole_ is a corruption of the Spanish word _criollo_,
which is derived from _criar_, to create or foster. The Spaniards apply
the term criollo not merely to the human race, but to animals born in
the colonies, if they are of _pure European blood_.

[16] See Robinson's Memoirs Mexican Revolution, page 15. The term
_gachupin_ has been always used by the creoles and Indians as a word of
contempt towards the Sp