gical details in
this volume, as I think I have clearly conveyed my position in this
controversy.

Before concluding this short review of the glacial problem, so far as it
affects the origin of the European fauna, I should like to refer to the
opinion of one who has devoted years to the study of the glacial
phenomena in the Arctic Regions, viz., Col. Feilden. "To a certain
extent," he says (_a_, p. 57), "all boulder clays at home are
fragmentary when compared with the boulder-bearing beds of Kolguev,
which we may safely assume are 50 miles in length by 40 in width, with a
thickness of not less than 250 feet, probably far more, all lying in one
undisturbed mass. It is suggestive that all the glacial deposits which I
have met with in Arctic and Polar lands, with the exception of the
terminal moraines now forming above sea-level in areas so widely
separated as Smith's Sound, Grinnell Land, North Greenland, Spitsbergen,
Novaya Zemlya, and Arctic Norway, should be glacio-marine beds.
Throughout this broad expanse of the Arctic Regions I have come across
no beds that could be satisfactorily assigned to the direct action of
land-ice; that is to say, beds formed _in situ_ by the grinding force
and pressure of an ice-sheet. On the contrary, so far as I can judge,
the glacial beds which I have traced over the extensive area mentioned
above have all been deposited subaqueously and re-elevated."

One of the strongest arguments that can be used against the view of the
marine origin of the glacial phenomena in Northern Europe seems to me
the fact that we find polished rock-surfaces far removed from the source
of glaciers, and so exactly resembling those produced at the present day
by our Alpine glaciers as to appear identical to the experienced eye.
Most of such striated and polished rocks occurring in the higher
mountain ranges of Scandinavia, and also of the British Islands, have no
doubt been actually produced by glaciers, whilst those in the plain,
sometimes hundreds of miles away from the mountains, must have
originated in a similar manner; that is to say, by a heavy mass of
material containing stones being slowly dragged over the rock-surfaces.
The weight which causes the stones to polish the latter is generally
ice, but it is quite conceivable that any other substance, especially if
it is in a semi-solid state, must act and operate in much the same way.
All polished rock-surfaces are carved by glaciers, because we can see
th