f the actual
assault. In the constant fighting of 31st of May to 12th of June on this
ground Grant lost 14,000 men. (See WILDERNESS and AMERICAN CIVIL WAR.)

COLDSTREAM, a police burgh of Berwickshire, Scotland. Pop. (1901) 1482.
It is situated on the north bank of the Tweed, here spanned by John
Smeaton's fine bridge of five arches, erected in 1763-1766, 13-1/2 m.
south-west of Berwick by the North Eastern railway. The chief public
buildings are the town hall, library, mechanics' institute, and cottage
hospital. Some brewing is carried on. Owing to its position on the
Border and also as the first ford of any consequence above Berwick, the
town played a prominent part in Scottish history during many centuries.
Here Edward I. crossed the stream in 1296 with his invading host, and
Montrose with the Covenanters in 1640. Of the Cistercian priory, founded
about 1165 by Cospatric of Dunbar, and destroyed by the 1st earl of
Hertford in 1545, which stood a little to the east of the present
market-place, no trace remains; but for nearly four hundred years it was
a centre of religious fervour. Here it was that the papal legate, in the
reign of Henry VIII., published a bull against the printing of the
Scriptures; and by the irony of fate its site was occupied in the 19th
century by an establishment, under Dr Adam Thomson, for the production
of cheap Bibles. At Coldstream General Monk raised in 1659 the
celebrated regiment of Foot Guards bearing its name. Like Gretna Green,
Coldstream long enjoyed a notoriety as the resort of runaway couples,
the old toll-house at the bridge being the usual scene of the marriage
ceremony. "Marriage House," as it is called, still exists in good
repair. Henry Brougham, afterwards lord chancellor, was married in this
clandestine way, though in an inn and not at the bridge, in 1821.
Birgham, 3 m. west, was once a place of no small importance, for there
in 1188 William the Lion conferred with the bishop of Durham concerning
the attempt of the English Church to impose its supremacy upon Scotland;
there in 1289 was held the convention to consider the question of the
marriage of the Maid of Norway with Prince Edward of England; and there,
too, in 1290 was signed the treaty of Birgham, which secured the
independence of Scotland. Seven miles below Coldstream on the English
side, though 6 m. north-east of it, are the massive ruins of Norham
Castle, made famous by Scott's _Marmion_, and from the time of i