nout. They have
clubbed feelers, and their cylindrical bodies (fig. 43) are well
adapted for their burrowing habits under the bark of trees. Usually
the mother-beetle makes a fairly straight tunnel along which, at short
intervals, she lays her eggs. The grubs, when hatched, start galleries
nearly at right angles to this, and when fully grown form oval cells
in which they pupate; from these the young beetles emerge by making
circular holes directly outward through the bark.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--In addition to what may be found in numerous important
works on the Hexapoda (q.v.) as a whole, such as J. O. Westwood's
_Modern Classification of Insects_, vol. i. (London, 1838); J. H.
Fabre's _Souvenirs Entomologiques_ (Paris, 1879-1891); D. Sharp's
contribution to the Cambridge Natural History (vol. vi., London,
1899); and L. C. Miall's _Aquatic Insects_ (London, 1895), the special
literature of the _Coleoptera_ is enormous. Classical anatomical
memoirs are those of L. Dufour (_Ann. Sci. Nat._ ii., iii., iv., vi.,
viii., xiv., 1824-1828); _Ib._ (ser. 2, Zool.) i., 1834; and H. E.
Strauss-Durkheim, _Anatomie comparee des animaux articulees_ (Paris,
1828).

The wings of _Coleoptera_ (including the elytra) are described and
discussed by F. Meinert (_Entom. Tijdsk._ v., 1880); C. Hoffbauer
(_Zeit. f. wissen. Zool._ liv., 1892); J. H. Comstock and J. G.
Needham (_Amer. Nat._ xxxii., 1898); and W. L. Tower (_Zool. Jahrb.
Anat._ xvii., 1903). The morphology of the abdomen, ovipositor and
genital armature is dealt with by K. W. Verhoeff (_Ent. Nachtr._ xx.,
1894, and _Arch. f. Naturg._ lxi., lxii., 1895-1896); and B.
Wandolleck (_Zool. Jahrb. Anat._ xxii., 1905).

Luminous organs are described by H. von Wielowiejski (_Zeits. f.
wissen. Zool._ xxxvii., 1882); C. Heinemann (_Arch. f. mikr. Anat._
xxvii., 1886); and R. Dubois (_Bull. soc. zool. France_, 1886); and
stridulating organs by C. J. Gahan (_Trans. Entom. Soc._, 1900). See
also C. Darwin's _Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex_
(London, 1871).

Many larvae of _Coleoptera_ are described and beautifully figured by
J. C. Schiodte (_Naturh. Tidsskr._ i.-xiii., 1861-1872).
Hypermetamorphosis in the _Meloidae_ is described by G. Newport
(_Trans. Linn. Soc._ xx., xxi., 1851-1853); C. V. Riley (_Rep. U.S.
Entom. Comm._ i., 1878); J. H. Fabre (_Ann. Sci. Nat._ (4), ix., xix.,
1848-1853); H. Beauregard