[Illustration]
indicates an end that is square; _retuse_, [Illustration] one with a
slight notch; _emarginate_, one with a decided notch; _obcordate_, with
a still deeper notch; _obtuse_, [Illustration] angular but abrupt;
_acute_, [Illustration] somewhat sharpened; _acuminate_, [Illustration]
decidedly sharp-pointed; _bristle-pointed_ and _awned_, [Illustration]
with a bristle-like tip; _spiny-pointed_, with the point sharp and stiff
(Holly); _mucronate_, [Illustration] with a short, abrupt point.

MARGINS.--_Entire_, [Illustration] edge without notches; _repand_,
[Illustration] slightly wavy; _sinuate_, [Illustration] decidedly wavy;
_dentate_, [Illustration] with tooth-like notches; _serrate_,
[Illustration] with notches like those of a saw; _crenate_,
[Illustration] with the teeth rounded; _twice serrate_, [Illustration]
when there are coarse serrations finely serrated, as on most Birch
leaves; _serrulate_, with minute serrations; _crenulate_, with minute
crenations. Leaves can be _twice crenate_ or _sinuate-crenate_.
_Revolute_ indicates that the edges are rolled over.

When a leaf has a few great teeth, the projecting parts are called
_lobes_, and the general form of the leaf is what it would be with the
notches filled in. In the description of such leaves, certain terms are
needed in describing the plan of the notches, and their depth and form.

Leaves with palmate veining are _palmately lobed_ [Illustration] or
_notched_; those with pinnate veining are _pinnately lobed_
[Illustration] or _notched_. While the term _lobe_ is applied to all
great teeth of a leaf, whether rounded or pointed, long or short, still
there are four terms sometimes used having special signification with
reference to the depth of the notches. _Lobed_ indicates that the
notches extend about one fourth the distance to the base or midrib;
_cleft_, that they extend one half the way; _parted_, about three
fourths of the way; and _divided_, that the notches are nearly deep
enough to make a compound leaf of separate leaflets.

So leaves may be palmately lobed, cleft, parted or divided, and
pinnately lobed, cleft, parted or divided. The term _pinnatifid_
[Illustration] is often applied to pinnately cleft leaves. The terms
_entire_, _serrate_, _crenate_, _acute-pointed_, etc., are applied to
the lobes as well as to the general margins of leaves.

SURFACE.--The following terms are needed in describing the surface of
leaves and fruit.

_Gl