ced
industry worked by government. A "general system of cultivation" was
introduced into Java in 1832 by the government, which decreed the
employment of forced labor for different products. Coffee-growing was
the only forced industry that existed before this system of cultivation,
and it was the only government cultivation that survived the abolition
of the system in 1905-08. The last direct government interest in coffee
was closed out in 1918. From 1870 to 1874, the government plantations
yielded an average of 844,854 piculs[63] a year; from 1875 to 1878, the
average was 866,674 piculs. Between 1879 and 1883, it rose to 987,682
piculs. From 1884 to 1888, the average annual yield was only 629,942
piculs.

Holland readily adopted the coffee house; and among the earliest coffee
pictures preserved to us is one depicting a scene in a Dutch coffee
house of the seventeenth century, the work of Adriaen Van Ostade
(1610-1675), shown on page 586.

History records no intolerance of coffee in Holland. The Dutch attitude
was ever that of the constructionist. Dutch inventors and artisans gave
us many new designs in coffee mortars, coffee roasters, and coffee
serving-pots.

[Illustration]

CHAPTER VIII

THE INTRODUCTION OF COFFEE INTO GERMANY

_The contributions made by German travelers and writers to the
literature of the early history of coffee--The first coffee house
in Hamburg opened by an English merchant--Famous coffee houses of
old Berlin--The first coffee periodical, and the first
kaffee-klatsch--Frederick the Great's coffee-roasting
monopoly--Coffee persecutions--"Coffee-smellers"--The first coffee
king_

As we have already seen, Leonhard Rauwolf, in 1573, made his memorable
trip to Aleppo and, in 1582, won for Germany the honor of being the
first European country to make printed mention of the coffee drink.

Adam Olearius (or Oelschlager), a German Orientalist (1599-1671),
traveled in Persia as secretary to a German embassy in 1633-36. Upon his
return he published an account of his journeys. In it, under date of
1637, he says of the Persians:

They drink with their tobacco a certain black water, which they
call _cahwa_, made of a fruit brought out of Egypt, and which is in
colour like ordinary wheat, and in taste like Turkish wheat, and is
of the bigness of a little bean.... The Persians think it allays
the natural heat.

In 1637, Joh. Albrec