280

XXXVIII. THE CHURCH 287

XXXIX. THE CITY IN THE MAKING 294

PART FIVE--SOCIAL LIFE IN THE NATION

XL. THE BUILDING OF A NATION 300

XLI. ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF THE PEOPLE AS
A NATION 305

XLII. THE STATE 313

XLIII. PROBLEMS OF THE NATION 324

XLIV. INTERNATIONALISM 333

PART SIX--SOCIAL ANALYSIS

XLV. PHYSICAL AND PERSONAL FACTORS IN THE LIFE OF
SOCIETY 340

XLVI. SOCIAL PSYCHIC FACTORS 348

XLVII. SOCIAL THEORIES 357

XLVIII. THE SCIENCE OF SOCIOLOGY 364

INDEX 373

SOCIETY: ITS ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT

PART I--INTRODUCTORY

CHAPTER I

CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL LIFE

1. =Man and His Social Relations.=--A study of society starts with the
obvious fact that human beings live together. The hermit is abnormal.
However far back we go in the process of human evolution we find the
existence of social relations, and sociability seems a quality
ingrained in human nature. Every individual has his own personality
that belongs to him apart from every other individual, but the
perpetuation and development of that personality is dependent on
relations with other personalities and with the physical environment
which limits his activity.

As an individual his primary interest is in self, but he finds by
experience that he cannot be independent of others. His impulses, his
feelings, and his ideas are due to the relations that he has with that
which is outside of himself. He may exercise choice, but it is within
the limits set by these outside relations. He may make use of what
they can do for him or he may antagonize them, at least he cannot
ignore them. Experience determines how the individual may best adapt
himself to his environment and adapt the environment to his own needs,
and he thus establishes certain definite relationships. Any group of
individuals, who have thus consciously established relationships with
one another and with their social environment is a society.