ies and Forebitters_, collected and
accompaniments written by Mrs. Clifford Beckett (Curwen
Edition 6293).

_Journal of the Folk-Song Society_, Nos. 12, 18, and 20,
contain articles on shanties, with musical examples
(melodies only), which, from the academic point of view, are
not without interest.

1920. _The Motherland Song Book_ (Vols. III and IV, edited
by R. Vaughan Williams) contains seven shanties. It is
worthy of note that Dr. Vaughan Williams, Mr. Clive Carey,
and Mrs. Clifford Beckett all spell the word 'shanty' as
sailors pronounced it.

1920. _Sailor Shanties arranged for Solo and Chorus of Men's
Voices_ by the present editor; two selections (Curwen
Edition 50571 and 50572).

There are one or two other collections in print which are obviously
compilations, showing no original research. Of these I make no note.

SHANTY FORMS

Shanties may be roughly divided, as regards their use, into two
classes: (_a_) Hauling shanties, and (_b_) Windlass and Capstan. The
former class accompanied the setting of the sails, and the latter the
weighing of the anchor, or 'warping her in' to the wharf, etc. Capstan
shanties were also used for pumping ship. A few shanties were
'interchangeable,' i.e. they were used for both halliards and capstan.
The subdivisions of each class are interesting, and the nature of the
work involving 'walk away,' 'stamp and go,' 'sweating her up,' 'hand
over hand,' and other types of shanty would make good reading; but
nautical details, however fascinating, must be economized in a musical
publication.

Capstan shanties are readily distinguishable by their music. The
operation of walking round the capstan (pushing the capstan bars in
front of them) was continuous and not intermittent. Both tune and
chorus were, as a rule, longer than those of the hauling shanty, and
there was much greater variety of rhythm. Popular songs, if they had a
chorus or refrain, could be, and were, effectively employed for
windlass and capstan work.

Hauling shanties were usually shorter than capstan ones, and are of
two types: (_a_) those used for 'the long hoist' and (_b_) those
required for 'the short pull' or 'sweating-up.' Americans called these
operations the 'long' and the 'short drag.' The former was used when
beginning to hoist sails, when the gear would naturally be slack and
moderately easy to manipulate. It had two short choruses, w