m
Germanicarum_, tome iv., edited by Ph. Jaffe (Berlin, 1864-1873),
contains some of the emperor's correspondence, and Hincmar's _De
ordine palatii_, edited by M. Prou (Paris, 1884), is also valuable.

The best modern authorities are S. Abel and B. Simson, _Jahrbucher des
frankischen Reiches unter Karl dem Grossen_ (Leipzig, 1883-1888); G.
Richter and H. Kohl, _Annalen des frankischen Reichs im Zeitalter der
Karolinger_ (Halle, 1885-1887); E. Muhlbacher, _Deutsche Geschichte
unter den Karolingern_ (Stuttgart, 1886); H. Brosien, _Karl der
Grosse_ (Leipzig and Prague, 1885); J.I. Mombert, _History of Charles
the Great_ (London, 1888); M. Lipp, _Das frankische Grenzsystem unter
Karl dem Grossen_ (Breslau, 1892); J. von Dollinger, _Das Kaiserthum
Karls des Grossen und seiner Nachfolger_ (Munich, 1864); F. von Wyss,
_Karl der Grosse als Gesetzgeber_ (Zurich, 1869); Th. Sickel, _Lehre
von den Urkunden der ersten Karolinger_ (Vienna, 1867); E. Dummler in
the _Allgemeine deutsche Biographie_, Band xv.; Th. Lindner, _Die
Fabel von der Bestattung Karls des Grossen_ (Aix-la-Chapelle, 1893);
J.A. Ketterer, _Karl der Grosse und die Kirche_ (Munich and Leipzig,
1898); and J.B. Mullinger, _The Schools of Charles the Great and the
Restoration of Education in the 9th century_ (London, 1877).

The work of the monk of St Gall is found in the _Monumenta_, Band ii.;
an edition of the _Historia de vita Caroli Magni et Rolandi_, edited
by F. Castets, has been published (Paris, 1880), and an edition of the
_Kaiserchronik_, edited by E. Schroder (Hanover, 1892). See also P.
Clemen, _Die Portratdarstellung Karls des Grossen_ (Aix-la-Chapelle,
1896). (A. W. H.*)

THE CHARLEMAGNE LEGENDS

Innumerable legends soon gathered round the memory of the great emperor.
He was represented as a warrior performing superhuman feats, as a ruler
dispensing perfect justice, and even as a martyr suffering for the
faith. It was confidently believed towards the close of the 10th century
that he had made a pilgrimage to Jerusalem; and, like many other great
rulers, it was reported that he was only sleeping to awake in the hour
of his country's need. We know from Einhard (_Vita Karoli_, cap. xxix.)
that the Frankish heroic ballads were drawn up in writing by
Charlemagne's order, and it may be accepted as certain that he was
himself the subject of many such during his lifetime. The legendary
element crept even