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wing to a comparatively recent discovery we know something of Scandinavian boats. When we consider the way in which the Norsemen overran the seaboard of Europe, it seems probable that their types of vessels were dominant, at any rate in Northern and Western European waters, from the tenth to the twelfth century. From the time of the Norman Conquest down to the reign of Henry VIII. we have to rely, for information about ships, upon occasional notes by the old chroniclers, helped out by a few illustrations taken from ancient corporate seals and from manuscripts. From the time of Henry VIII., onwards, information about warships is much more abundant; but, unfortunately, little is known of the merchant vessels of the Tudor, Stuart, and early Hanoverian periods, and it has not been found possible to trace the origin and development of the various types of merchant sailing-ships now in existence. The names of the authorities consulted have generally been given in the text, or in footnotes. The author is indebted to Dr. Warre's article on ships, in the last edition of the "Encyclopaedia Britannica," and to Mr. Cecil Torr's work, "Ancient Ships," for much information concerning Greek and Roman galleys, and further to "The Royal Navy," a history by Mr. W. Laird Clowes, and the "History of Marine Architecture" by Charnock, for much relating to British warships down to the end of the eighteenth century. 5, ADELPHI TERRACE, W.C., _January, 1, 1900_. CONTENTS. CHAPTER I. PAGE. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II. ANCIENT SHIPS IN THE MEDITERRANEAN AND RED SEAS 5 CHAPTER III. ANCIENT SHIPS IN THE SEAS OF NORTHERN EUROPE 55 CHAPTER IV. MEDIAEVAL SHIPS 65 CHAPTER V. MODERN WOODEN SAILING-SHIPS 112 APPENDIX DESCRIPTION OF AN ARCHAIC GREEK BIREME 157 INDEX 161 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. FIG. PAGE *1. EGYPTIAN SHIP OF THE PUNT EXPEDITION. ABOUT 1600 B.C. _From Der-Bahari_ _Frontispiece_ 2. THE OLDEST KNOWN SHIPS. ABOUT 6000 B.C. 10 3. EGYPTIAN BOAT OF THE TIME OF THE THIRD DYNASTY
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