rs however, following Ga@nges'a, hold an altogether different
opinion on the subject. With them nirvikalpa knowledge
means the knowledge of mere predication without any association
with the subject or the thing to which the predicate refers.
But such a knowledge is never testified by experience. The nirvikalpa
stage is thus a logical stage in the development of perceptual
cognition and not a psychological stage. They would

__________________________________________________________________

[Footnote 1: _Tatparya@tika_, p. 81, also _ibid._ p. 91,
"_prathamamalocito'rtha@h samanyavis'e@savan._"]

[Footnote 2: _Ibid._ p.84, "_tasmadvyutpannasyapi namadheyasmara@naya
purvame@sitavyo vinaiva namadheyamarthapratyaya@h._"]

[Footnote 3: _Nyayakandali,_p. 189 ff., "_ata@h savikalpakamicchata
nirvikalpakamapye@sitavyam, tacca na samanyamatram g@rh@nati bhedasyapi
pratibhasanat napi svalak@sa@namatram samanyakarasyapi sa@mvedanat
vyaktyantaradars'ane pratisandhanacca, kintu samanya@m
vis'e@sancobhayamapi g@rh@nati yadi paramida@m samanyamayam vis'e@sa@h
ityeva@m vivicya na pratyeti vastvantaranusandhanavirahat,
pi@ndantaranuv@rttigraha@naddhi samanya@m vivicyate,
vyav@rttigraha@nadvis'e@soyamiti viveka@h._"]

339

not like to dispense with it for they think that it is impossible
to have the knowledge of a thing as qualified by a predicate or a
quality, without previously knowing the quality or the predicate
(_vis'i@s@tavais'i@styajnanam prati hi vis'e@sa@natavacchedakaprakara@m
jnana@m kara@na@m_) [Footnote ref 1]. So, before any determinate knowledge
such as "I see a cow," "this is a cow" or "a cow" can arise it must
be preceded by an indeterminate stage presenting only the
indeterminate, unrelated, predicative quality as nirvikalpa, unconnected
with universality or any other relations (_jatyadiyojanarahita@m
vais'i@s@tyanavagahi ni@sprakarakam nirvikalpaka@m_) [Footnote ref 2].
But this stage is never psychologically experienced (_atindriya_)
and it is only a logical necessity arising out of their synthetic
conception of a proposition as being the relationing of a predicate
with a subject. Thus Vis'vanatha says in his Siddhantamuktavali,
"the cognition which does not involve relationing
cannot be perceptual for the perception is of the form 'I know
the jug'; here the knowledge is related to the self, the knower,
the jug again is related to knowledge and the definite content of
jugness is related to the jug. It is this