and, as a penalty for man, must be paid under the form of
man. Satisfaction is only possible through the God-man. Now this
God-man, as sinless, is exempt from the punishment of sin; His passion
is therefore voluntary, not given as due. The merit of it is therefore
infinite; God's justice is thus appeased, and His mercy may extend to
man. This theory has exercised immense influence on the form of church
doctrine. It is certainly an advance on the older patristic theory, in
so far as it substitutes for a contest between God and Satan, a contest
between the goodness and justice of God; but it puts the whole relation
on a merely legal footing, gives it no ethical bearing, and neglects
altogether the consciousness of the individual to be redeemed. In this
respect it contrasts unfavourably with the later theory of Abelard.

Anselm's speculations did not receive, in the middle ages, the respect
and attention justly their due. This was probably due to their
unsystematic character, for they are generally tracts or dialogues on
detached questions, not elaborate treatises like the great works of
Albert, Aquinas, and Erigena. They have, however, a freshness and
philosophical vigour, which more than makes up for their want of system,
and which raises them far above the level of most scholastic writings.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--The main sources for the history of St Anselm and his
times are Eadmer's _Vita Anselmi_ and his _Historia Novorum_, edited
by M. Rule in _Rolls Series_ (London, 1884); the best modern work is
by Pere Ragey, _Histoire de Saint Anselme_ (Paris, 1890), and _Saint
Anselme professeur_ (Paris, 1890). Other appreciations are by A.
Mohler, _Anselm Erzbischof von Canterbury_ (Regensburg, 1839; Eng.
trans. by H. Rymer, London, 1842); F.R. Hasse, _Anselm von Canterbury_
(2 vols., Leipzig, 1842-1853); C. de Remusat, _S. Anseime de
Cantorbery_ (Paris, 1853, new ed. 1868); R.W. Church, _St Anselm_,
first published in _Sunday Library_ (London, 1870; often reprinted);
Martin Rule, _Life and Times of St Anselm_ (London, 1883).

_Works_: The best edition of St Anselm's complete works is that of
Dom Gerberon (Paris, 1675); reprinted with many notes in 1712;
incorporated by J. Migne in his _Patrologia Latina_, tomi
clviii.-clix. (Paris. 1853-1854). Migne's reprint contains many
errors. The _Cur Deus homo_ may be best studied in the editions
published by D. Nutt (London, 1885) and by Griffith (1898). The