lower level. This is the eternal
possible victory alike of aristocracy and democracy. (7) Palaeolithic men
were involved in the succession of four Great Ice Ages or
Glaciations, and it may be that the human race owes much to the
alternation of hard times and easy times--glacial and interglacial. When
the ice-fields cleared off Neolithic man had his innings. (8) And we
have closed the story, in the meantime, with the Metal Ages.

[Illustration: _After the restoration modelled by J. H. McGregor._

PILTDOWN MAN, PRECEDING NEANDERTHAL MAN, PERHAPS 100,000 TO 150,000
YEARS AGO]

[Illustration: _After the restoration modelled by J. H. McGregor._

THE NEANDERTHAL MAN OF LA CHAPELLE-AUX-SAINTS

The men of this race lived in Europe from the Third Interglacial period
through the Fourth Glacial. They disappeared somewhat suddenly, being
replaced by the Modern Man type, such as the Cromagnards. Many regard
the Neanderthal Men as a distinct species.]

It seems not unfitting that we should at this point sound another
note--that of the man of feeling. It is clear in William James's words:

Bone of our bone, and flesh of our flesh, are these half-brutish
prehistoric brothers. Girdled about with the immense darkness of
this mysterious universe even as we are, they were born and died,
suffered and struggled. Given over to fearful crime and passion,
plunged in the blackest ignorance, preyed upon by hideous and
grotesque delusions, yet steadfastly serving the profoundest of
ideals in their fixed faith that existence in any form is better
than non-existence, they ever rescued triumphantly from the jaws of
ever imminent destruction the torch of life which, thanks to them,
now lights the world for us.

Races of Mankind

Given a variable stock spreading over diverse territory, we expect to
find it splitting up into varieties which may become steadied into races
or incipient species. Thus we have races of hive-bees, "Italians,"
"Punics," and so forth; and thus there arose races of men. Certain types
suited certain areas, and periods of in-breeding tended to make the
distinctive peculiarities of each incipient race well-defined and
stable. When the original peculiarities, say, of negro and Mongol,
Australian and Caucasian, arose as brusque variations or "mutations,"
then they would have great staying power from generation to generation.
They would not be readily swamped by intercrossing or ave