ld have intersected at right angles had the place
been strictly rectangular; other narrower streets ran parallel to
these main thoroughfares. On the east side (F) was a small
'citadel'--_arx_ or _templum_--with ditch, rampart and bridge of its
own (G, H); in this were a trench and some pits (K) which seemed by
their contents to be connected with ritual and religion. Outside the
whole (L, M) were two cemeteries, platforms of urns set curiously like
the village itself, and also a little burning _ghat_.[43] The
population of the village is necessarily doubtful. A German writer,
Nissen, has reckoned it at four or five thousand, men, women and
children together, crowded into small huts. But this estimate may be
too high. In any case, many of the Terremare are much smaller.

[43] The literature of the Terremare is very large. The results
obtained up to 1894 were summarized by F. von Duhn in the _Neue
Heidelberger Jahrbuecher_, iv. 144; the best recent accounts are
by T.E. Peet, _Stone and Bronze Ages in Italy_ (Oxford, 1909),
chaps. 14 and 17, from which fig. 11 is taken, and R. Munro,
_Palaeolithic Man and Terramara Settlements_ (Edin., 1912), pp.
291-487 and plates xxxiii foll. A good brief sketch is given by
Mr. H.S. Jones, _Companion to Roman History_, pp. 4-6. One point
in the arrangement seems not quite clear. It is generally stated
that the trapezoidal outline was adopted in order to allow the
water to enter the ditch from a running stream and to part easily
into two channels (fig. 11). That is quite intelligible. But, if
so, one would expect the outlet to be at the opposite end, and
not (as it actually is) in the middle of one side, where it would
'short-circuit' the current. (Mr. H.S. Jones seems to have
confused inlet and outlet.)

[Illustration: FIG. 11. TERRAMARA OF CASTELLAZZO DI FONTANELLATO]

These Terremare bear a strong likeness to the later Italian
town-planning, and they are usually taken to be the oldest
discoverable traces of that system. This means that the Italian
town-planning was derived from other sources besides Greece or the
East, since the Terremare are far older than Hippodamus or even
Nebuchadnezzar and Sennacherib (pp. 23, 29). It must be added that our
present knowledge does not allow us to follow the actual development
of the Terremare into historic times, and to link them closely with
the later civilization of Central Italy.