is a useful adjunct to our better knowledge of the more famous
town. The two together furnish examples of the town-planning of middle
Italy of about 400-300 B.C., in days that are only half historic, and
thus help to fill the gap between the Terremare and the fully
developed system of the Roman Imperial period.

[50] Livy ii. 34, contradicted, however, by xxvii. 10 and by
Dionysius Halic. vii. 13 _ad fin_.

[51] _Notizie degli Scavi_, 191, p. 558, 1903, p. 261; Frothingham,
_Roman Cities_, plate ix. I am indebted to Dr. T. Ashby, Director
of the British School at Rome, for information as to the site.
Excavations made in 1823 at the Roman Falerii (founded 241 B.C.)
show streets crossing at right angles, but the piece unearthed
was small and the date uncertain (Canina, _Etruria Maritima_ i,
plate ix).

It may be permitted in this context to add a plan of a north Italian
city, in which some of the modern streets recall one quarter of
Pompeii (fig. 14). Modena, the Roman Mutina, was founded as a
'colonia' with 2,000 male settlers in 183 B.C., and despite various
misfortunes became one of the chief towns in the Lombard plain. One
part of this town shows a row of long narrow blocks measuring about 20
x 160 metres (fig. 14, plan A), with a second row of shorter blocks of
the same width and about half the length (plan B). These blocks have
been much marred and curtailed by the inevitable changes of town life,
but their symmetry cannot be accidental, and if they date back, as is
quite possible, to Roman days, they may be put beside the Sixth Region
of Pompeii which contains two rows of similar blocks.[52]

[52] Fig. 14 is taken from Zuccagni-Orlandini (1844). Kornemann
suggests that Mutina was refounded about 40-20 B.C., but there
seems to be no evidence of this break in its continuity.

[Illustration: FIG. 14. MODENA. See p. 69.]

(iv) There remains, fourthly, evidence relating to early Rome itself,
and to customs and observances which obtained there. These customs
belong to the three fields of religion, agrarian land-settlement and
war. All three exhibit the same principle, the division of a definite
space by two straight lines crossing at right angles at its centre,
and (if need be) the further division of such space by other lines
parallel to the two main lines. The Roman augur who asked the will of
Heaven marked off a square piece of sky or earth--his _templum_--into
fo