259
Sect. 122. Development of Utilitarianism. Evolutionary Conception
of Social Relations 260
Sect. 123. Naturalistic Ethics not Systematic 262
Sect. 124. Naturalism as Antagonistic to Religion 263
Sect. 125. Naturalism as the Basis for a Religion of Service,
Wonder, and Renunciation 265

CHAPTER IX. SUBJECTIVISM 267

Sect. 126. Subjectivism Originally Associated with Relativism and
Scepticism 267
Sect. 127. Phenomenalism and Spiritualism 271
Sect. 128. Phenomenalism as Maintained by Berkeley. The Problem
Inherited from Descartes and Locke 272
Sect. 129. The Refutation of Material Substance 275
Sect. 130. The Application of the Epistemological Principle 277
Sect. 131. The Refutation of a Conceived Corporeal World 278
Sect. 132. The Transition to Spiritualism 280
Sect. 133. Further Attempts to Maintain Phenomenalism 281
Sect. 134. Berkeley's Spiritualism. Immediate Knowledge of the
Perceiver 284
Sect. 135. Schopenhauer's Spiritualism, or Voluntarism. Immediate
Knowledge of the Will 285
Sect. 136. Panpsychism 287
Sect. 137. The Inherent Difficulty in Spiritualism. No Provision
for Objective Knowledge 288
Sect. 138. Schopenhauer's Attempt to Universalize Subjectivism.
Mysticism 290
Sect. 139. Objective Spiritualism 292
Sect. 140. Berkeley's Conception of God as Cause, Goodness, and
Order 293
Sect. 141. The General Tendency of Subjectivism to Transcend
Itself 297
Sect. 142. Ethical Theories. Relativism 298
Sect. 143. Pessimism and Self-denial 299
Sect. 144. The Ethics of Welfare 300
Sect. 145. The Ethical Commu