Gebildbrote zur Weihnachtszeit"# in #"Zeitschrift fuer
oesterreichische Volkskunde,"# Jahrg. 11, Supplement-Heft 3 (Vienna,
1905).

30. Jahn, 280 f.

31. Burne and Jackson, 406 f.

32. #"The Mirror of Perfection,"# trans. by Sebastian Evans (London,
1898), 206.

33. Mannhardt, "Baumkultus," 233 f.

34. Lloyd, 170 f.

35. Jahn, 276.

36. _Ibid._ 276.

37. Lloyd, 168.

38. Evans, 231 f.; for the ox-custom, see Evans, 233.

39. Abbott, 76.

40. Hoermann, "Tiroler Volksleben," 244 f., 238, 245.

41. Dawson, 339.

42. #S. Graham, "A Vagabond in the Caucasus. With some Notes of his
Experiences among the Russians"# (London, 1910), 25 f.

43. Stratilesco, 190.

44. Van Norman, 299 f.

45. Jahn, 267.

46. Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 442 f., where other examples, British and
Continental, of the wren-hunt are given. Cf. Dyer, 494 f.

47. _Folk-Lore_, vol. xviii., 1907, 439 f.

48. MacCulloch, "Religion of the Ancient Celts," 221.

49. See Frazer, "Golden Bough," ii. 380, 441, for examples of similar
practices with sacred animals.

50. _Folk-Lore_, vol. xi., 1900, 259.

51. Brand, 272.

52. _Folk-Lore_, vol. xi., 1900, 262.

53. Lloyd, 181 f.

54. _Ibid._ 181.

55. Thorpe, ii. 49 f.

56. Ralston, 200.

CHAPTER XIII.--MASKING, THE MUMMERS' PLAY, THE FEAST OF FOOLS, AND THE
BOY BISHOP

1. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 390 f.

2. #The Works Of Ben Jonson#, ed. by Barry Cornwall (London, 1838), 600.

3. #Shakespeare, "Henry VIII.,"# Act I. Sc. IV.

4. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 403 f.

5. _Ibid._ i. 227, 402.

6. _Ibid._ i. 402. Cf. Burne and Jackson, 410.

7. For a bibliography of texts of the mummers' plays see Chambers,
"M. S.," i. 205 f. |383|

8. This account of the plays and dances is based upon Chambers, "M. S.,"
i. 182 f. (chapters ix. and x.).

9. #Tacitus, "Germania,"# cap. xxiv. (Eng. Trans. by W. Hamilton Fyfe,
Oxford, 1908).

10. Cf. Harrison, "Themis," 43 f.

11. Professor Gilbert Murray in "Themis," 341 f.

12. Harrison, "Themis," 232.

13. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 226.

14. Chambers, "M. S.," i. 192, 213 f.

15. _Ibid._ i. 220 f.

16. Lawson, 223 f.

17. _Notes and Queries_, 5th Series, vol. x. 482.

18. This account of the Feast of Fools and the Boy Bishop is mainly
derived from Chambers, "M. S.," i. 274-371, and from #Mr. A. F.
Leach's# article, #"The Schoolboys' Feast,"# in #"The Fortnightly