ired as compared with
the other machines already named.

Those of our readers who have studied the details of Arkwright's
spinning frame, described in another chapter in this book, and have
understood those details, will have a clear comprehension of the action
of the parts and leading mechanical principles concerned in the
operations of a modern bobbin and fly frame. Certainly there are some of
the most difficult problems of cotton spinning involved in the mechanism
of these machines, but these points are so highly technical that it is
not intended to introduce them here.

The "set" of machines just named are usually known by the names
"Slubber," "Intermediate or Second Slubber," and "Roving" Frames.

Nearly all the operations and mechanisms involved in one are almost
identical in the others, so that a description of one only in the set is
necessary, merely explaining that the parts of each machine the cotton
comes to in the latter two of the set are smaller and more finely set
than the corresponding parts of the immediately preceding machine.

Taking the Intermediate frame as a basis, the operation may be described
as follows:--The bobbins formed at the slubbing frame are put in the
creel of the Intermediate, as shown in the photograph (Fig. 18), each
bobbin resting on a wooden skewer or peg which will easily rotate.

In order to increase the uniformity of the roving or strand of cotton,
the ends from two of the slubbing rovings are conducted together through
the rollers of the machine.

There are three pairs of these rollers, acting on the cotton in every
way just as described for the drawing frame.

Although two rovings are put together behind the rollers, yet the
"draft" or drawing-out power of the rollers is such, that the roving
that issues from the front of the rollers is about three times as thin
as each individual roving put up behind the rollers. This drawing-out
action of the rollers need not be further dilated upon at this stage.

The points which demand some little attention at our hands, are the
methods and mechanism involved in twisting the attenuated roving, and
winding it upon bobbins or spools in suitable form for the next process.

Image: FIG. 18.--Intermediate frame (bobbin and fly frame).

As regards twisting of the roving it must be distinctly understood that
when the attenuated strand of cotton issues from the rollers of the
first bobbin and fly frame, it has become so thin and weak tha