tor of Arkansas (April 22d) responded:

"None will be furnished. The demand is only adding insult to
injury."(25)

Four of the slave-holding States thus responding to the President's
call, to wit: Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina,
soon joined the Confederate States; Maryland, Missouri, Kentucky,
and Delaware remained in the Union, and, later, filled their quotas
under the several calls for troops for the United States service,
though from each many also enlisted in the Confederate Army.

The Union volunteers were either hastened, unprepared by complete
organization or drill, to Washington, D. C., to stand in its defence
against an anticipated attack from Beauregard's already large
organized army, or they were assembled in drill camps, selected
for convenience of concentration and dispersion, to the scenes of
campaigns soon to be entered upon.

Arms in the North were neither of good quality nor abundant. Some
were hastily bought abroad--Enfield rifles from England, Austrian
rifles from Austria; each country furnishing its poorest in point
of manufacture. But there were soon in operation establishments
in the North where the best of guns then known in warfare were
made. The old flint-lock musket had theretofore been superseded
by the percussion-lock musket, but some of the guns supplied to
the troops were old, and altered from the flint-lock. These muskets
were muzzle-loaders, smooth bores, firing only buck and ball
cartridges--.69 calibre. They were in the process of supersession
by the .58 calibre rifle for infantry, or the rifle-carbine for
cavalry, generally of a smaller calibre. The English Enfield rifle
was of .58 calibre, and the Springfield rifle, which soon came into
common use, was of like calibre. The Austrian rifle of .54 calibre
proved to be of poor construction, and was generally condemned.(26)
A rifle for infantry of .58 calibre was adopted, manufactured and
used in the Confederacy. The steel rifled cannon for field artillery
also came to take the place, in general, of the smooth-bore brass
gun, though many kinds of cannon of various calibres and construction
were in use in both armies throughout the war.

The general desire of new volunteers was to be possessed of an
abundance of arms, such as guns, pistols, and knives. The two
latter weapons were even worse than useless for the infantry soldier
--mere incumbrances. An officer even had little use for a pistol;
only somet