reful examination; they prove to be
glosses or interpolations, or are relatively late as a whole.

[9] The view that the chronicler _invented_ such narratives is
inconceivable, and in the present stage of historical criticism is
as unsound as an implicit reliance upon those sources in the earlier
books, which in their turn are often long posterior to the events
they record. Although Graf, in a critical and exhaustive study
(_Geschichtlichen Buecher des A.T._, Leipzig, 1866), concluded that
the Chronicles have almost no value as a documentary source of the
ancient history, he subsequently admitted in private correspondence
with Bertheau that this statement was too strong (preface to
Bertheau's _Commentary_, 2nd ed., 1873).

CHRONOGRAPH (from Gr. [Greek: chronos], time, and [Greek: graphein], to
write). Instruments whereby periods of time are measured and recorded
are commonly called chronographs, but it would be more correct to give
the name to the records produced. Instruments such as "stop watches"
(see WATCH), by means of which the time between events is shown on a
dial, are also called chronographs; they were originally rightly called
chronoscopes ([Greek: skopein], to see).

In the first experiments in ballistics by B. Robins, Count Rumford and
Charles Hutton, the velocity of a projectile was found by means of the
ballistic pendulum, in which the principle of momentum is applied in
finding the velocity of a projectile (_Principles of Gunnery_, by
Benjamin Robins, edited by Hutton, 1805, p. 84). It consisted of a
pendulum of considerable weight, which was displaced from its position
of rest by the impact of the bullet, the velocity of which was required.
A modification of the ballistic pendulum was also employed by W.E.
Metford (1824-1899) in his researches on different forms of rifling; the
bob was made in the form of a long cylinder, weighing about 140 lb,
suspended with its axis horizontal from four wires at each end, all
moving points being provided with knife edges. The true length of
suspension was deduced from observations of the time of a complete small
oscillation. The head of the pendulum was furnished with a wooden block,
which caught the fragments of bullets fired at it, and its displacement
was recorded by a rod moved by the bob (_The Book of the Rifle_, by the
Hon. T.F. Fremantle, p. 336). An improved ballistic pendulum in which
the geometric method of s