ector in
1878-1881. Until his death Thomas was director of the May festivals
also. The grounds for the music hall were given by the city and are
perpetually exempt from taxation. The great organ in the music hall was
dedicated at the third of the May festivals in 1878. The Saengerfest met
in Cincinnati for the third time in 1879, and its jubilee was held here
in 1899. By 1880 the May festival chorus had become a permanent
organization. The city has several other musical societies--the Apollo
and Orpheus clubs (1881 and 1893), a Liederkranz (1886), and a United
Singing Society (1896) being among the more prominent; and there are two
schools of music--the Conservatory of Music and the College of Music.

The city has large publishing interests, and various religious
(Methodist Episcopal and Roman Catholic) and fraternal periodicals, and
several technical journals and trade papers are published here. The
principal daily newspapers are the _Enquirer_, a Democratic journal,
established in 1842 and conducted for many years after 1852 by
Washington McLean (1816-1890), and then by his son, John Roll McLean (b.
1848); the _Commercial Tribune_ (Republican; previously the
_Commercial-Gazette_ and still earlier the _Commercial_, founded in
1793, _The Tribune_ being merged with it in 1896), the _Times-Star_ (the
_Times_ established in 1836), and the _Post_, established in 1881 (both
evening papers); and several influential German journals, including the
_Volksblatt_ (Republican; established 1836), and the _Volksfreund_
(Democratic; established 1850).

Among the social clubs of the city are the Queen City Club, organized in
1874; the Phoenix Club, organized in 1856 and the leading Jewish club in
the city; the Cuvier Club, organized in 1871 and originally an
association of hunters and anglers for the preservation of game and
fish; the Cincinnati Club, the Business Men's Club, the University Club,
the Art Club, and the Literary Club, of the last of which many prominent
men, including President Hayes, have been members. This club dates from
1849, and is said to be the oldest literary club in the country. There
are various commercial and trade organizations, the oldest and most
influential being the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce and Merchants'
Exchange, which dates from 1839.

_Administration._--The city is governed under the municipal code enacted
by the state legislature in 1902, for the provisions of which see OHIO.

Among the ins