t of any public judge and hangman, then by a secret one; like your
old Chivalry Fehmgericht and Secret Tribunal, suddenly revived in this
strange guise; suddenly rising once more on the astonished eye, dressed
not now in mail shirts, but in fustian jackets, meeting not in
Westphalian forests, but in the paved Gallowgate of Glasgow! Such a
temper must be widespread virulent among the many when, even in its worst
acme, it can take such form in the few."--Carlyle. "Chartism," p. 40.

{222a} Dr. Ure, "Philosophy of Manufacture," p. 282.

{222b} _Ibid_., p. 282.

{223a} Dr. Ure, "Philosophy of Manufacture," p. 367.

{223b} _Ibid_., p. 366, _et seq_.

{232} Compare Report of Chambers of Commerce of Manchester and Leeds at
the end of July and beginning of August.

{235} See Introduction.

{241} According to the census of 1841, the number of working-men
employed in mines in Great Britain, without Ireland, was:

Men over Men under Women over Women under Together
20 years 20 years 20 years 20 Years
Coal mines 83,408 32,475 1,185 1,165 118,233
Copper mines 9,866 3,428 913 1,200 15,407
Lead mines 9,427 1,932 40 20 11,419
Iron mines 7,733 2,679 424 73 10,949
Tin mines 4,602 1,349 68 82 6,101
Various, the
mineral not
specified 24,162 6,591 472 491 31,616
Total 137,398 48,454 3,102 3,031 193,725

As the coal and iron mines are usually worked by the same people, a part
of the miners attributed to the coal mines, and a very considerable part
of those mentioned under the last heading, are to be attributed to the
iron mines.

{242} Also found in the Children's Employment Commission's Report:
Commissioner Mitchell's Report.

{259} The coal miners have at this moment, 1886, six of their body
sitting in the House of Commons.

{264} E. G. Wakefield, M.P. "Swing Unmasked; or, The Cause of Rural
Incendiarism." London, 1831. Pamphlet. The foregoing extracts may be
found pp. 9-13, the passages dealing in the original with the then still
existing Old Poor Law being here omitted.

{268} This has been literally fulfilled. After a period of unexampled
extension of trade, Free Trade has landed England in a crisis, which