the workers. He is
therefore unprejudiced, and can afford to have eyes for the evils of the
present state of things, and especially for the factory system. On the
other hand, he wrote before the Factories Enquiry Commission, and adopts
from untrustworthy sources many assertions afterwards refuted by the
Report of the Commission. This work, although on the whole a valuable
one, can therefore only be used with discretion, especially as the
author, like Kay, confuses the whole working-class with the mill hands.
The history of the development of the proletariat contained in the
introduction to the present work, is chiefly taken from this work of
Gaskell's.

{67} Thomas Carlyle. "Chartism," London, 1840, p. 28.

{80} Adam Smith. "Wealth of Nations" I., McCulloch's edition in one
volume, sect. 8, p. 36: "The wear and tear of a slave, it has been said,
is at the expense of his master, but that of a free servant is at his own
expense. The wear and tear of the latter, however, is, in reality, as
much at the expense of his master as that of the former. The wages paid
to journeymen and servants of every kind, must be such as may enable
them, one with another, to continue the race of journeymen and servants,
according as the increasing, diminishing, or stationary demand of the
society may happen to require. But though the wear and tear of a free
servant be equally at the expense of his master, it generally costs him
much less than that of a slave. The fund for replacing or repairing, if
I may say so, the wear and tear of the slave, is commonly managed by a
negligent master or careless overseer."

{87} And it came in 1847.

{90a} Archibald Alison. "Principles of Population and their Connection
with Human Happiness," two vols., 1840. This Alison is the historian of
the French Revolution, and, like his brother, Dr. W. P. Alison, a
religious Tory.

{90b} "Chartism," pp. 28, 31, etc.

{95} When as here and elsewhere I speak of society as a responsible
whole, having rights and duties, I mean, of course, the ruling power of
society, the class which at present holds social and political control,
and bears, therefore, the responsibility for the condition of those to
whom it grants no share in such control. This ruling class in England,
as in all other civilised countries, is the bourgeoisie. But that this
society, and especially the bourgeoisie, is charged with the duty of
protecting every member of society, at le