e been forced not only to take into account the
disturbing forces inherent in revolving bodies, but also to make
allowance for poor management in running and neglect in cleaning.

CANE AND BEET MACHINES.--The first step in the process of sugar making
is the extraction of the juice from the beet or cane. This juice is
obtained by pressure. The operation is not usually, but may be,
performed in a special kind of centrifugal. One style (Pat. 239,222)
consists of a conical basket with a spiral flange within on the shaft,
and turning on the shaft, and having a slight rotary motion relative to
the basket. The material is fed in and moves downward under increased
pressure, the sirup released flying out through the perforations of the
basket, the whole revolving at high velocity. The solid portion falls
out at the bottom. Another plan suggested (Pat. 343,932) is to let a
loose cover of an ordinary cylindrical basket screw itself down into
the basket, by reason of its slower velocity (owing to inertia),
causing pressure on the charge.

Various other applications of the different styles of sugar machines
are the defibration of raw sugar juice, freeing beet crystals of
objectionable salts, freeing various crystals of the mother liquor,
drying saltpeter.

DRIERS.--Another important division of this first class of centrifugals
is that of driers or, as they are variously styled, whizzers, wringers,
hydro-extractors. The charge in these is never large in weight compared
to a sugar charge, and its initial distribution can be made more
symmetrical. The uses of driers are various, such as extracting water
from clothes, cloth, silk, yarns, etc. Water may be introduced at the
center of the basket from above or below to wash the material before
draining. A typical form of drier is shown in Fig. 24. (Pat. Aug. 22,
1876--W.P. Uhlinger.) Baskets have been made removable for use in
dyeing establishments, basket and load together going into dyeing vat.
Yarn and similar material can be drained by a method analogous to that
of hanging it upon sticks in a room and allowing the water to drip off.
It is suspended from short sticks, which are held in horizontal layers
around the shaft in the basket, and the action is such during the
operation as to cause the yarn to stand out in radial lines.

[Illustration: Fig. 24.]

Driers are not materially different from sugar machines. Any of the
devices before enumerated for meeting vibrations in the latte