d a certain rotary velocity, the magma
would be hurled out over the edge by centrifugal force and evenly
distributed on the wall of the main basket.

SPINDLE.--The spindle as now made is solid cast steel, and the
considerations governing its size, form, material, etc., are identical
with those for any spindle. In order that the basket might be replaced
by another after draining, the shaft has been made telescopic, but at
the expense of stability and rigidity. In Fig. 16 is shown a device to
avoid crystallizations, which are apt to occur in large forgings, and
would prove fatal should they creep into the upper part of the spindle
proper in a hanging machine. It consists of the secondary spindle, _c_.

DISCHARGING.--The drained sugar may either be lifted over the top of
the basket (in machines which stop to be emptied), or be cast through
openings in the bottom provided with valves. A section of the best form
of valve may be seen in Figs. 15 and 17. Fig. 23 is a plan of the
openings. The valve turns on the basket bearing. It may be constructed
to open in the same direction in which the basket turns; so that when
the brake is put on, the inertia of the valve operates to open it and
while running to keep it closed. There are many other styles, but no
other need be mentioned.

[Illustration: Fig. 23.]

CASING.--The different styles of casing may be seen by reference to the
various drawings. In one machine (not described) the casing is rigidly
fixed to the basket, space enough being left between the bottom of the
basket and the bottom of the casing to hold all the molasses from a
charge. This arrangement merely adds to the bulk of the revolving
parts, and no real advantage is gained.

BEARINGS.--The various styles of bearings can be seen by reference to
the figures. One which deserves special attention is shown in Fig. 16
and Fig. 19. In one case it consists of loose disks, in the other of
loose washers, rotating on one another. They are alternately of steel
and hard bronze (copper and tin).

"There is probably no machine so little understood or so imperfectly
constructed by the common manufacturer of sugar supplies as the high
speed separator or centrifugal." Unless the product of experience and
good workmanship, it is a dangerous thing at high velocities. Besides,
its usual fate is to have an incompetent workman assigned to it, who
does not use judgment in charging and running. So that designers and
manufacturers hav