ed as a supporter of Vespasian against
Vitellius, but at the news of the former's victory he renounced his
allegiance to Rome and called to his aid Germanic tribes from across the
Rhine. At the same time the Gallic Treveri and Lingones, the former led by
Julius Classicus and Julius Tutor, the latter by Julius Sabinus, rose in
rebellion and sought to establish an empire of the Gauls with its capital
at Treves (Augusta Treverorum). They were joined by the Roman legions
stationed on the Rhine. However, the remaining peoples of Gaul refused to
join the revolt, preferring the Roman peace to a renewal of the old
intertribal struggles.

Upon the arrival of an adequate Roman force despatched by Vespasian the
mutinous legions returned to their duty, the Treveri and Lingones were
subdued, and Civilis forced to flee into Germany. The Batavi returned to
their former status of Roman allies under the obligation of furnishing
troops to the Roman armies (70 A. D.). But Rome had seen the danger of
stationing national corps under their native officers in their home
countries. Henceforth the auxiliaries were no longer organized on a
national basis and served in provinces other than those in which they were
recruited.

*The Jewish War, 66-70 A. D.* From the year 6 A. D. Judaea had formed a
Roman procuratorial province except for its brief incorporation in the
principality of Agrippa I (41-44 A. D.). During this time the Jews had
occupied a privileged position among the Roman subjects, being exempted
from military service and the obligation of the imperial cult,
notwithstanding the design of Caligula to set up his image in the temple
at Jerusalem. These privileges were the source of constant friction
between the Jews and the Greco-Syrian inhabitants of the cities of
Palestine, which frequently necessitated the interference of Roman
officials. Another cause of unrest was the pressure of the Roman taxation,
which rendered agriculture unprofitable and drove many persons from the
plains to the mountains to find a livelihood through brigandage. But a
more deeply-seated cause of animosity to Roman rule lay in the fact that
the Jewish people were a religious community and that for them national
loyalty was identical with religious fanaticism. The chief Jewish sects
were those of the Sadducees and the Pharisees, of whom the former composed
the aristocracy and the latter the democracy. The Sadducees were supported
by the Romans and monopolized the