ation, a
power which passed to the magistrates, while the council tended to become
a body of ex-magistrates who held their seats for life. However, in spite
of this approximation to the Latin type, the Greek official terminology
remained unchanged throughout the first three centuries A. D.

The Latin type of municipality was that which developed on Italian soil
with the extension of Roman domination over the peninsula, and which was
given uniformity by the legislation of Julius Caesar. With the
Romanization of the western part of the empire it spread to Africa, Spain,
Gaul, Britain, Germany and the Danubian provinces. In spite of the
distinctions in status between Roman and Latin colonies and _municipia_,
all these classes of municipalities were of the same general type which is
revealed to us in the Julian Municipal Law (45 B. C.), the charter of the
Roman _Colonia Genetiva Julia_ (44 B. C.), and those of the Latin
municipalities of Malaca and Salpensa (81-84 A. D.).

The constitutions of these municipalities were patterned closely after
that of Rome, although certain titles, like those of consul and Senate
were reserved for the capital city. Like Rome, the municipal towns had
their officials, their council (_curia_, _ordo_), and their plebs. The
chief magistrates were a pair of duovirs (or at times a college of
quattuovirs), who were assisted by two aediles, and two quaestors The
duovirs were in charge of the local administration of justice, and in
general conducted the public affairs of the community. Every fifth year
the duovirs were called _quinquennales_ and took the census. The aediles
had charge of public works, and market and police regulations, while the
quaestors were the local treasury officials. All the officials were
elected by popular vote, but a definite property qualification was
required of each candidate. If no candidates presented themselves for any
particular office, provision was made for the nomination of candidates who
must serve if elected. At his election each magistrate paid into the
treasury, or expended in accordance with the direction of the council, a
definite sum of money (_summa honoraria_), which varied for each office in
different communities. Oftentimes these officers did not restrict
themselves to the required sum but took this opportunity for displaying
their municipal loyalty. As other prominent citizens followed their
example the municipalities were richly provided with useful and