assis y Villaroel,
and owing to this happy accident he came to be regarded generally as the
first of Spanish dramatists. The publication of the plays of Lope de Vega
and of Tirso de Molina has affected the critical estimate of Calderon's
work; he is seen to be inferior to Lope de Vega in creative power, and
inferior to Tirso de Molina in variety of conception. But, setting aside
the extravagances of his admirers, he is admittedly an exquisite poet, an
expert in the dramatic form, and a typical representative of the [v.04
p.0986] devout, chivalrous, patriotic and artificial society in which he
moved.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.--H. Breymann, _Calderon-Studien_ (Muenchen and Berlin, 1905),
i. Teil, contains a fairly exhaustive list of editions, translations and
arrangements; _Autos sacramentales_ (Madrid, 1759-1760, 6 vols.), edited by
Juan Fernandez de Apontes; _Comedias_ (Madrid, 1848-1850, 4 vols.), edited
by Juan Eugenio Hartzenbuch; Max Krenkel, _Klassische Buhnendichtungen der
Spanier_, containing _La Vida es sueno, El magico prodigioso_ and _El
Alcalde de Zalamca_ (Leipzig, 1881-1887, 3 vols.); _Teatro selecto_
(Madrid, 1884, 4 vols.), edited by M. Menendez y Pelayo; _El Magico
prodigioso_ (Heilbronn, 1877), edited by Alfred Morel-Fatio; _Select Plays
of Calderon_ (London, 1888), edited by Norman MacColl; F.W.V. Schmidt, _Die
Schauspiele Calderon's_ (Elberfeld, 1857); E. Guenthner, _Calderon und seine
Werke_ (Freiburg i. B., 1888, 2 vols.); Felipe Picatoste y Rodriguez,
_Biografia de Don Pedro Calderon de la Barca_ in _Homenage a Calderon_
(Madrid, 1881); Antonio Sanchez Moguel, _Memoria acerca de "El Magico
prodigioso"_ (Madrid, 1881); M. Menendez y Pelayo, _Calderon y su teatro_
(Madrid, 1881); Ernest Martinenche, _La Comedia espagnole en France de
Hardy a Racine_ (Paris, 1900).

(J. F.-K.)

CALDERWOOD, DAVID (1575-1650), Scottish divine and historian, was born in
1575. He was educated at Edinburgh, where he took the degree of M.A. in
1593. About 1604 he became minister of Crailing, near Jedburgh, where he
became conspicuous for his resolute opposition to the introduction of
Episcopacy. In 1617, while James was in Scotland, a Remonstrance, which had
been drawn up by the Presbyterian clergy, was placed in Calderwood's hands.
He was summoned to St Andrews and examined before the king, but neither
threats nor promises could make him deliver up the roll of signatures to
the Remonstrance. He was deprived of his charge, committed