an earthen wall, with twelve forts, extending upwards of 200 m.
from the Vorskla to the Don, and called the Byelgorod line. In 1666 an
archiepiscopal see was established in the town. There are two cathedral
churches, both built in the 16th century, as well as a theological
seminary. Candles, leather, soap, lime and bricks are manufactured, and a
trade is carried on in grain, cattle, wool, honey, wax and tallow. There
are three annual fairs, on the 10th Friday after Easter, the 29th of June
and the 15th of August respectively.

BYELOSTOK (Polish, _Bialystok_), a town of West Russia, in the government
of and 53 m. by rail S.W. of the city of Grodno, on the main railway line
from Moscow to Warsaw, at its junction with the Kiev-Grayevo (Prussian
frontier) line. Founded in 1320, it became part of Prussia after the third
partition of Poland, but was annexed to Russia in 1807, after the peace of
Tilsit. Its development dates from 1845, when woollen-mills were built.
Since that time it has grown very rapidly, its population being 13,787 in
1857; 56,629 in 1889; and 65,781 in 1901, three-fourths Jews. Its woollen,
silk and felt hat factories give occupation to several thousand workers.

[v.04 p.0896] BYEZHETSK, a town of Russia, in the government of Tver, and
70 m. N.N.E. of the city of that name, on the right bank of the Mologa, in
57 deg. 46' N. lat. and 36 deg. 43' E. long. Pop. (1860) 5423; (1897) 9090. It is
mentioned in the chronicles of 1137. On the fall of Novgorod, to which it
had belonged, it was incorporated (1479) with the grand-duchy of Moscow.
The town is famous for its scythes and shearing hooks, but makes also axes,
nails and other hardware, and trades in grain, linen, hemp and flax.

BY-LAW, or BYE-LAW (_by-_ being used in the sense of subordinate or
secondary, cf. by-path), a regulation made by councils, boards,
corporations and companies, usually under statutory power, for the
preservation of order and good government within some place or
jurisdiction. When made under authority of a statute, by-laws must
generally, before they come into operation, be submitted to some confirming
authority for sanction and approval; when approved, they are as binding as
enacted laws. By-laws must be reasonable in themselves; they must not be
retrospective nor contrary to the general law of the land. By various
statutes powers are given to borough, county and district councils, to make
by-laws for various purposes; corporate bod