ssion annually, at
Washington, beginning on the second Monday in October and continuing
until about May 1.

District Courts.--The territory of the United States has been
divided into judicial districts, none of them crossing State lines
and each having a district court. New York and Texas have each four
districts; Alabama, Pennsylvania, and Tennessee three each;
Arkansas, California, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kentucky,
Louisiana, Mississippi, Michigan, Missouri, North Carolina, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Virginia, Washington, Wisconsin, and West Virginia two
each; and the remaining States have each a single district. Alaska
and Hawaii constitute a district. Generally there is a judge for
each district, but a single judge is at times assigned to two
districts.

United States District Attorneys and Marshals.--A district attorney
and marshal are appointed by the President for each district court. The
United States district attorney is required to prosecute all persons
accused of the violation of Federal law and to appear as defendant in
cases brought against the government of the United States in his
district. The United States marshal executes the warrants or other
orders of the United States district court, and, in general, performs
duties connected with the enforcement of the Federal laws which
resemble the duties of sheriffs under State laws.

Circuit Courts and Courts of Appeals.--Established by the act of
1789, each circuit court was at first presided over by a justice of the
Supreme Court and a district judge. The policy was to have as many
circuit courts as there were justices of the Supreme Court. It was not
until 1869 that a circuit judge was provided for each of the nine
circuits. By an Act of Congress during the year 1911, in response to the
agitation for a simplified Federal judicial system and greater
expedition in the hearing of cases, the circuit courts were abandoned.
Judges of these courts were transferred to the circuit courts of
appeals. The circuit courts of appeals consist of three judges each, any
two constituting a quorum. Supreme Court judges and district judges may
sit in these courts. The Court of Claims was established in 1855 and
consists of a chief justice and four associates. It holds an annual
session in Washington.

Terms and Salaries of the Judges.--That the judiciary should be
independent of parties and of other influences canno