ity of the third class in 1873, and its charter was revised in 1888.
Natural gas and oil were found here in 1899, and Chanute became one of
the leaders of the Kansas independent refineries in their contest with
the Standard Oil Company.

CHANZY, ANTOINE EUGENE ALFRED (1823-1883), French general, was born at
Nouart (Ardennes) on the 18th of March 1823. The son of a cavalry
officer, he was educated at the naval school at Brest, but enlisted in
the artillery, and, subsequently passing through St Cyr, was
commissioned in the Zouaves in 1843. He saw a good deal of fighting in
Algeria, and was promoted lieutenant in 1848, and captain in 1851. He
became _chef de bataillon_ in 1856, and served in the Lombardy campaign
of 1859, being present at Magenta and Solferino. He took part in the
Syrian campaign of 1860-61 as a lieutenant-colonel; and as colonel
commanded the 48th regiment at Rome in 1864. He returned to Algeria as
general of brigade, assisted to quell the Arab insurrection, and
commanded the subdivisions of Bel Abbes and Tlemcen in 1868. Although he
had acquired a good professional reputation, he was in bad odour at the
war office on account of suspected contributions to the press, and at
the outbreak of the Franco-German War he was curtly refused a brigade
command. After the revolution, however, the government of national
defence called him from Algeria, made him a general of division, and
gave him command of the XVI. corps of the army of the Loire. (For the
operations of the Orleans campaign which followed, see FRANCO-GERMAN
WAR.) The Loire army won the greatest success of the French during the
whole war at Coulmiers, and followed this up with another victorious
action at Patay; in both engagements General Chanzy's corps took the
most brilliant part. After the second battle of Orleans and the
separation of the two wings of the French army, Chanzy was appointed to
command that in the west, designated the second army of the Loire. His
enemies, the grand duke of Mecklenburg, Prince Frederick Charles, and
General von der Tann, all regarded Chanzy as their most formidable
opponent. He displayed conspicuous moral courage and constancy, not less
than technical skill, in the fighting from Beaugency to the Loire, in
his retreat to Le Mans, and in retiring to Laval behind the Mayenne. As
Gambetta was the soul, Chanzy was the strong right arm of French
resistance to the invader. He was made a grand officer of the Legion of