Local Government Board, to which alone such chaplains
are responsible. Prison chaplains are appointed by the home secretary.

In the British army there are two kinds of chaplains, permanent and
occasional. The former, described as Chaplains to the Forces, hold
commissions, serving throughout the empire except in India: they include
a Chaplain-General who ranks as a major-general, and four classes of
subordinate chaplains who rank respectively as colonels,
lieutenant-colonels, majors and captains. There are about 100 in all.
Special chaplains (Acting Chaplains for Temporary Service) may be
appointed by a secretary of state under the Army Chaplains Act of 1868
to perform religious service for the army in particular districts. The
permanent chaplains may be Church of England, Roman Catholic, or
Presbyterian; Wesleyans (if they prefer not to accept commissions) may
be appointed Acting Chaplains. The Church of England chaplains report to
the chaplain-general, while other chaplains report to the War Office
direct. In the navy, chaplains are likewise appointed but do not hold
official rank. They must have a special ecclesiastical licence from the
archbishop of Canterbury. In 1900 a Chaplains' Department of the
Territorial Force was formed; there is no denominational restriction.

In the armies and navies of all Christian countries chaplains are
officially appointed, with the single exception of France, where the
office was abolished on the separation of Church and State. In the army
of the United States of America chaplains are originally appointed by
the president, and subsequently are under the authority of the secretary
of war, who receives recommendations as regards transfer from department
commanders. By act of Congress, approved in April 1904, the
establishment of chaplains was fixed at 57 (15 with the rank of major),
12 for the artillery corps and 1 each for the cavalry and infantry
regiments. There is no distinction of sect. In the U.S. navy the
chaplains are 24 in number, of whom 13 rank as lieutenants, 7 as
commanders, 4 as captains.

In the armies of Roman Catholic countries there are elaborate
regulations. Where the chaplains are numerous a chaplain-major is
generally appointed, but in the absence of special sanction from the
pope such officer has no spiritual jurisdiction. Moreover, chaplains
must be approved by the ordinary of the locality. In Austria there are
Roman Catholic, Greek Church, Jewish and Mahommeda