er the _coup d'etat_ of the 18th of Brumaire (November 9, 1799) he
was made a councillor of state by the First Consul, and succeeded Lucien
Bonaparte as minister of the interior, in which capacity he established
a chemical manufactory near Paris, a school of arts, and a society of
industries; he also reorganized the hospitals, introduced the metrical
system of weights and measures, and otherwise greatly encouraged the
arts and sciences. A misunderstanding between him and Napoleon (who
conferred upon him the title of comte de Chanteloup) occasioned
Chaptal's retirement from office in 1804; but before the end of that
year he was again received into favour by the emperor, who bestowed on
him the grand cross of the Legion of Honour, and made him treasurer to
the conservative senate. On Napoleon's return from Elba, Chaptal was
made director-general of commerce and manufactures and a minister of
state. He was obliged after the downfall of the emperor to withdraw into
private life; and his name was removed from the list of the peers of
France until 1819. In 1816, however, he was nominated a member of the
Academy of Sciences by Louis XVIII. Chaptal was especially a popularizer
of science, attempting to apply to industry and agriculture the
discoveries of chemistry. In this way he contributed largely to the
development of modern industry. He died at Paris on the 30th of July
1832.

His literary works exhibit both vigour and perspicuity of style; he
wrote, in addition to various articles, especially in the _Annales de
chimie, Elemens de chimie_ (3 vols., 1790; new ed., 1796-1803);
_Traite du salpetre et des goudrons_ (1796); _Tableau des principaux
sels terreux_ (1798); _Essai sur le perfectionnement des arts
chimiques en France_ (1800); _Art de faire, de gouverner, et de
perfectionner les vins_ (1 vol., 1801; new ed., 1819); _Traite
theorique et pratique sur la culture de la vigne, &c._, (2 vols.,
1801; new ed., 1811); _Essai sur le blanchiment_ (1801); _La Chimie
appliquee aux arts_ (4 vols., 1806); _Art de la teinture du coton en
rouge_ (1807); _Art du teinturier et du degraisseur_ (1800); _De
l'industrie francaise_ (2 vols., 1819); _Chimie appliquee a
l'agriculture_ (2 vols., 1823; new ed., 1829).

CHAPTER (a shortened form of _chapiter_, a word still used in
architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. _chapitre_, Lat.
_capitellum_, diminutive of _caput_, head), a principal division or
se