5.

[14] These peculiarities, it would seem, are not of equal force in the
South American States, owing, in part, perhaps, to a former
degradation, produced by colonial vassalage; but principally to the
lesser contrast of colours. The difference is not striking between
that of many of the Spanish and Portuguese Creoles and that of many of
the mixed breed.--J. M.

[15] _Letters and other Writings of James Madison_, III, 495-498.

[16] _Letters and other Writings of James Madison_, III, 541-542.

[17] _Letters and other Writings of James Madison_, III, 2-3.

[18] _Letters and other Writings of James Madison_, IV, 60.

[19] _Ibid._, IV, 188.

[20] _Letters and other Writings of James Madison_, IV, 192.

[21] _Letters and other Writings of James Madison_, IV, 213-214.

[22] _Letters and other Writings of James Madison_, IV, 274-279.

[23] _Letters and other Writings of James Madison_, IV, 301.

ADVICE GIVEN NEGROES A CENTURY AGO

The following addresses to the free people of color, taken from the
_Minutes of the American Convention of Abolition Societies_ active in
this country during the first fifty years of the republic of the
United States, show the method employed by these early friends of the
Negroes to effect their social uplift while this organization was
working for the abolition of the slave trade and the destruction of
slavery. The advice to the Negroes as to how they should conduct
themselves is very interesting. After 1820 the American Convention of
Abolition Societies paid less attention to such advice to the people
of color and concerned itself primarily with appeals to others in
their behalf. The free Negro made so much moral progress during the
period that they ceased to be a cause of anxiety.

TO THE
FREE AFRICANS AND OTHER FREE PEOPLE OF COLOR
IN THE
UNITED STATES.

THE Convention of Deputies from the Abolition Societies in the
United States, assembled at Philadelphia, have undertaken to
address you upon subjects highly interesting to your prosperity.

They wish to see you act worthily of the rank you have acquired
as freemen, and thereby to do credit to yourselves, and to
justify the friends and advocates of your color in the eyes of
the world.

As the result of our united reflections, we have concluded to
call your attentio