d, H. L., 743.
Osiander, A., 420, 620, 623.
Oudewater, 264.
Overyssel, 235.
Oxford, University of, 36, 38, 281, 471, 639, 671, 687.
Oxfordshire, 314.

Pacific Ocean, 438, 440.
Paciolus, L., 610.
Pack, O. von, 114.
Paderborn, University of, 670.
Padua, University of, 618, 627.
Paget, Lord, 310.
Palatinate, 74, 79, 84, 121, 127.
Frederic III, Elector Palatine, 121, 128.
Palermo, 416.
Palestrina, 384, 689.
Palma, University of, 12.
Pampeluna, 399 f.
Papacy
history of in the later Middle Ages, 13-20.
triumphs over Councils, 15.
secularization, 15.
patronizes art and letters, 16.
denounced by Wyclif, 37.
rejected by Bohemian Brethren, 40.
attacked by Marsiglio, 43.
assailed by Valla, 49.
rejected by Luther, 68 ff., 123, 388.
dependent on Spain, 372.
history, 1522-90, 377-88.
and Turks, 449.
finance, 480.
judged by Creighton and Acton, 642, 741.
Paquier, 738.
Paracelsus, T., 513, 632, 638 f.
Paraguay, 408.
Pare, A., 513 f.
Paris
first printers at, 9.
university of, 11, 42, 161, 190 f., 202 ff., 227,
250, 400, 422, 561, 566, 600, 642, 664.
College of Montaigu, 161, 400 f., 669.
Parlement of, 42, 184 f., 191, 227, 229, 406.
and Reformation, 192, 195 ff., 213, 217, 221, 228.
Jesuits, 202.
besieged by Henry IV, 225 f., 455.
population, 455.
credit, 467.
constabulary, 482.
brothels, 507.
hospitals, 514.
trade, 539.
Parker, 604.
Parma, Duke of, 226, 456.
Parma, Margaret of, 250, 256 f.
Pascal, B., 398.
Passau, Convention of, 130.
Pastor, A., 626.
Pastor, L. von, 740 f.
Patten, S. N., 726.
Paul the Apostle, 13, 52 f., 65, 98, 150, 356, 377, 418, 742.
Paul II, Pope, 16.
Paul III, 250.
and oecumenical council, 121, 389 f.
and Luther, 123.
alliance with Charles V, 127.
and Margaret of Navarre, 189.
and Rabelais, 194.
and England, 292 ff.
pontificate, 381 ff.
reforms, 381 ff.
foreign policy, 383.
and Jesuits, 401.
and Inquisition, 416.
and American Indians, 436.
and Sapienza, 471, 673.
and artists, 472, 504.
and Copernicus, 620, 622.
and philosophy, 628.
Paul IV, 382, 384, 397, 417, 421 f.
Paulet, Sir A., 339.
Paulus Diaconus, 608.
Pauperism, 558 ff.
Pausanias, 574.
Pavia, battle of, 94, 185, 372, 379, 459.
Penz, G., 103, 628.