gaze is directed as to an object on the opposite side. The
newer conductive chain traceable through the cortex does therefore,
after all, like the older one through the optic lobe, lead ultimately to
the motor neurones of the eye muscles and the neck, only it takes a
longer course thither and is undoubtedly much more complex. What gain is
effected by this new and as it were alternative and longer route, which
takes a path up to the cerebral cortex and down again, we can only
conjecture, but of one point we may rest well assured, namely, that a
much richer inter-connexion with other arcs of the nervous system is
obtained by the path that passes via the cortex. The functional
difference between the old conductive circuit and the new can at present
hardly indeed be stated even in outline. A natural inference might be
that the phylogenetically older and less complex path is concerned with
functions purely reflex-motor, not possessing sensation as an attribute.
But fish, which possess only the older path, can be trained to seize
bait of one colour and not of another colour, even against what appeared
to be an original colour-preference in them. Such discrimination
individually acquired seems to involve memory, though it may be
rudimentary in kind. Where motor reaction to visual stimuli appears to
involve memory--and without memory the training could hardly be
effective--some germ of consciousness can hardly be denied to the visual
reactions, although the reactions occurred in complete absence of a
cortical path and indeed of a visual cortex altogether.

Removal of the visual pallium in the tortoise produces little or no
obvious defect in vision; but in the bird such a lesion greatly impairs
the vision of the eye of the side opposite to the lesion. The impairment
does not, however, amount to absolute blindness. Schrader's hawk, after
removal of the pallium, reacted to movements of the mice with which it
was caged. But the reactions were impaired: they lacked the sustained
purpose of the normal reactions. The bird saw the mice; that was
certain, for their movements across its field of vision made it turn its
gaze towards them. But on their ceasing to move, the reaction on the
part of the bird lapsed. Neither did their continuing to move excite the
attack upon them which would have been the natural reaction on the part
of the bird of prey towards its food. The bird apparently did not
recognize them as prey, but saw them merely