or shot after trial.--Indication of the number of other
lives destroyed.--Necessity and plan for wider destruction.
--Spoliation.--Its extent.--Squandering.--Utter losses.--Ruin
of individuals and the State.--The Notables the most
oppressed.

The object of the Jacobin, first of all, is the destruction of his
adversaries, avowed or presumed, probable or possible. Four violent
measures concur, together or in turn, to bring about the physical or
social extermination of all Frenchmen who no longer belong to the sect
or the party.

The first operation consists in expelling them from the
territory.--Since 1789, they have been chased off through a forced
emigration; handed over to jacqueries, or popular uprisings, in the
country, and to insurrections in the cities,[4101] defenseless and not
allowed to defend themselves, three-fourths of them have left France,
simply to escape popular brutalities against which neither the law nor
the government afforded them any protection. According as the law and
the administration, in becoming more Jacobin, became more hostile to
them, so did they leave in greater crowds. After the 10th of August
and 2nd of September, the flight necessarily was more general; for,
henceforth, if any one persisted in remaining after that date it was
with the almost positive certainty that he would be consigned to a
prison, to await a massacre or the guillotine. About the same time, the
law added to the fugitive the banished, all unsworn priests, almost an
entire class consisting of nearly 40 000 persons.[4102] It is calculated
that, on issuing from the reign of Terror, the total number of fugitives
and banished) amounted to 150 000[4103] the list would have been still
larger, had not the frontier been guarded by patrols and one had to
cross it at the risk of one's life; and yet, many do risk their lives
in attempting to cross it, in disguise, wandering about at night, in
mid-winter, exposed to gunshots, determined to escape cost what it will,
into Switzerland, Italy, or Germany, and even into Hungary, in quest of
security and the right of praying to God as one pleases.[4104]--If any
exiled or deported person ventures to return, he is tracked like a wild
beast, and, as soon as taken, he is guillotined.[4105] For example,
M. de Choiseul, and other unfortunates, wrecked and cast ashore on the
coast of Normandy, are not sufficiently protected by the law of nations.
They are brought bef