orded range of temperature is
at Erivan (altitude 3230 ft.), namely, of 64 deg. between a January
average of 14.9 deg. and an August average of 78.8 deg. F. At
Sukhum-kaleh, on the Black Sea, the corresponding range is only 27.3
deg., between a January average of 48.8 deg. and an August average of
76.1 deg. The highest mean temperatures for the whole year are those of
Lenkoran (60.3 deg.) and of Sukhum-kaleh and Poti (about 58 deg.), and
the lowest at Ardahan (5840 ft.), in the province of Kars, namely, 37.9
deg., and at Gudaur (7245 ft.), a few miles south of Kasbek, namely,
38.6 deg. The following table gives particulars of temperature averages
at a few typical places:--

+-------------+--------------+--------+---------+-------+
| | | Annual | January | July |
| Place. | Altitude. | Mean. | Mean. | Mean. |
| | | [deg.] | [deg.] |[deg.] |
+-------------+--------------+--------+---------+-------+
| Stavropol | 2030 | 47.0 | 24.0 | 70.0 |
| Vladikavkaz | 2345 | 47.3 | 23.4 | 68.0 |
| Gudaur | 7245 | 38.6 | 20.3 | 57.2 |
| Baku | on Caspian | 58.0 | 38.0 | 80.0 |
| Tiflis | 1490 | 55.0 | 32.0 | 76.5 |
| Batum | on Black Sea | 59.0 | 42.0 | 75.0 |
| Sochi | on Black Sea | 56.3 | 40.3 | 76.1 |
| Lenkoran | on Caspian | 60.3 | 39.0 | 80.6 |
| Erivan | 3170 | 51.0 | 51.0 | 75.0 |
+-------------+--------------+--------+---------+-------+

In respect of precipitation the entire region of Caucasia may be divided
into two strikingly contrasted regions, a wet and a dry. To the former
belong the Black Sea littoral, where the rainfall averages 59 to 93 in.
annually, and the valleys that open upon it or are exposed to winds
blowing off it, in which the rainfall varies, however, from 20 in.
(Abbas-tuman, Borzhom) to 60 (Kutais). In Lenkoran also the rainfall
averages 40 to 50 in. in the year. Between 16 and 40 in. fall as a rule
at the northern foot of the Caucasus (Mozdok, Pyatigorsk) and in the
Kura valley (Tiflis, Novo-bayazet). On the Armenian highlands and on the
steppes north of Pyatigorsk the rainfall is less than 12 in. annually,
and even in some places less than 8 in., e.g. at the foot of Ararat.
Most rain falls at Batum and at Lenkoran in the autumn, in northern
Caucasia and in Transcaucasia in s