obles a determination
to raise themselves to power, despite the opposition of the senate:
others with greater probability maintain that Catiline's object was
simply the cancelling of the huge debts which he and his friends had
accumulated. Catiline, by his bravery, his military talents, his
vigorous resolution, and his wonderful power over men, was eminently
qualified as a revolutionary leader. He is the subject of tragedies by
Ben Jonson and P. Crebillon, and of the _Rome sauvee_ of Voltaire.

See P. Merimee, _Etudes sur la guerre sociale et la conjuration de
Catiline_ (1844); E. Hagen, _Catilina_ (1854), with introductory
discussion of the authorities; E.S. Beesley, "Catiline as a Party
Leader" (_Fortnightly Review_, June 1865), in defence of Catiline; C.
John, _Die Entstehungsgeschichte der catilinarischen Verschworung_
(1876), a critical examination of Sallust's account; E. von Stern,
_Catilina und die Parteikampfe in Rom_ 66-63 (1883), with bibliography
in preface; C. Thiaucourt, _Etude sur la conjuration de Catiline_
(1887), a critical examination of Sallust's account and of his object
in writing it; J.E. Blondel, _Histoire economique de la conjuration de
Catiline_ (1893), written from the point of view of a political
economist; Gaston Boissier, _La Conjuration de Catiline_ (1905), and
_Cicero and his Friends_ (Eng. trans.); Tyrrell and Purser's ed. of
Cicero's _Letters_ (index vol. s.v. "Sergius Catilina"); J.L. Strachan
Davidson, _Cicero_ (1894), ch. v.; Warde Fowler's _Caesar_ (1892); see
also art. ROME: _History, The Republic_.

CATINAT, NICOLAS (1637-1712), marshal of France, entered the Gardes
Francaises at an early age and distinguished himself at the siege of
Lille in 1667. He became a brigadier ten years later, _marechal de camp_
in 1680, and lieutenant-general 1688. He served with great credit in the
campaigns of 1676-1678 in Flanders, was employed against the Vaudois in
1686, and after taking part in the siege of Philipsburg at the opening
of the War of the League of Augsburg, he was appointed to command the
French troops in the south-eastern theatre of war. In 1690 he conquered
Savoy, and in 1691 Nice; the battle of Staffarda, won by him over the
duke of Savoy in 1690, and that of Marsaglia in 1693, were amongst the
greatest victories of the time. In 1696 Catinat forced the duke to make
an alliance with France. He had in 1693 been made a marshal of France.
At the