found _ante_, pp. 76, 77.

[54] Among the media employed by the Holy See in the restoration of
one's conscience to its good estate, are the bulls of composition. In
the case of persons in possession of ill-gotten goods, as
prebendaries who have forfeited their canonical allotments,
or trustees who have maladministered estates, and the like, an
arrangement (Latin, _compositio_) is sometimes made--only, however,
when the rightful owners or heirs of the property in question are
unknown (_si domins sint ignoti_), whereby the said "unjust steward"
is allowed to keep for himself a moiety of what does not belong to
him, on condition that the rest be handed over for the maintenance
of church services, or institutions of charity, as hospitals,
asylums, and the like. See Ferraris's _Bibliotheca_, art. "Bulla
Cruciatae."--Rev. T. C. Middleton, O.S.A.

The bulls for the dead were placed on the heads of the dying, or in
the hands of the dead--purchased by their friends or relatives in
order to rescue then souls from purgatory. Those _de lacticinios_
(literally, "for milk-porridges") permitted to ecclesiastics the
use of certain foods at times when these were forbidden by church
law. The bulls of the Crusade were valid as dispensations only one
year in Spain; but according to Solorzano they were extended to two
years in the colonies, on account of the long time required for them
to teach those distant places. See Bancroft's _Hist. Mexico_, iii,
p. 605. After the victory of Lepanto, Gregory XIII resumed the issue
of these indulgences, and extended them to twelve years; and since
then his bull has been renewed every twelve years, (E. H. Vollet,
in _Grande Encyclopedie_, Paris, Lamirault et Cie.), xiii, p. 453.

[55] Apparently the "farming out" of this revenue, by the crown,
to private persons. A law of May 30, 1640, enacted that all the
expenses connected with the bulls of the Crusade should be paid from
its proceeds, the remainder being paid to the crown (_Recopilacion_,
lib. i, tit. xx, ley xvi).

[56] Tournon was the papal legate sent to China for the settlement
of the famous controversy regarding the "Chinese rites," which had
lasted some seventy years. The missions to China were entirely in the
hands of the Jesuits until 1631, when Dominicans entered that country,
and Franciscans in 1633. The new missionaries soon began to accuse the
Jesuits of undue complaisance and conformity with heathen customs, and
made complaint again