r make use of it
for the investigations that the government exacts. 1 believe that it
will be impossible to print this statement without doing harm to the
confessional and to the curas."--Mas.

[105] "When Juan Salcedo conquered the Ilocos, he found a caste of
nobles amongst them who possessed all the riches of the country,
and treated the _cailianes_, or serfs, with great rigour.

"The common people [among the Igorrotes] are in a kind of bondage
to the nobles, and cultivate their land for them. In Lepanto they
are called _cailianes_ as in Ilocos." (Sawyer's _Inhabitants of the
Philippines_, pp. 251, 256.)

[106] The famous bridge which joins the capital with the barrio
of Binondo was directed by the Recollect, Fray Lucas de Jesus
Maria. Another religious has lately constructed another bridge in
Iloilo, which is said to be very fine. The government sent him a
cross on that account. His name was Fray Simon de San Agustin. Almost
all the advances in agriculture and the arts which have made in the
islands since the arrival of the Spaniards are due to the religious,
as was also the abolition of slavery.--Mas.

[107] Spanish, _pax octaviana_, referring to the Roman emperor Octavian
and the peaceful condition of his empire.

[108] "This proposition, founded on the common opinion of those who
have seen none except the curacies of the rich and well-populated
provinces, cannot be maintained in any manner. In the environs of
Manila, where the food and services cost dearer than in the city
itself, the cura in charge of a village which does not number more
than one thousand tributes cannot live with decency. For here also
generally fails what you say in another place, namely, that the cura's
income can be adjusted at a peso for each tribute. In the distant
provinces--as, for instance, Cagayan and other distant parts--since
food and services are very cheap, and the cura does not have to
spend anything except on the things that he requests from Manila,
if the village reaches 500 tributes it will be sufficient for him,
but not below the said number; and even in the first case, if he
has a sufficient number of masses to apply with alms, which rarely
happens. I pray you now to consider the fact that the majority of
the villages of the archbishopric do not exceed 1,000 tributes,
and those of the other bishoprics 500. What would you say it you
knew what passes in the villages that even preserve the names of
missions? The government