n this society is, that it was founded
by laymen and has always remained in the hands of laymen, though in
union with and subordinate to the clergy. See _Grande Encyclopedie,_
and Addis and Arnold's _Cath. Dict._, pp. 844, 845.

Vincent de Paul, from whom this society was named, was a French priest
born in 1576, who was noted for his great altruism, philanthropy,
and executive ability; he founded various charitable orders, notably
the Lazarists and the Sisters of Charity. He died in 1660, and was
canonized in 1737.

[154] Note in _Archipielago filipino_: "He was freed from his captivity
at the end of December, 1899."

[155] The orders in the Philippines and other colonies were wont,
as still is their custom, to have head administrative quarters at
Rome and Madrid, for the expedition of business with the pontiff or
the king. The officer, always an expert in the management of affairs,
was entitled the "procurador general," and his business was chiefly
to attend to law problems in relation to the colonial missions,
to guard against adverse legislation, and to promote favorable
measures. His residence, whether at Rome or Madrid, was known as
"la casa de la procuracion" or at Rome "la procura," of such and
such an order. Besides the "procurador general" the orders had single
"procuradores"--one for each house--who were the business men of the
convents, and saw to affairs of the outside world.--T. C. Middleton,
O.S.A.

[156] Note in _Archipielago filipino_: "This assertion must be
understood of those who do not live in the active missions--that is
to say, of the Christian settlements and villages of more or less
long standing."

[157] Referring to the insurgent government headed by Emilio
Aguinaldo, erected when Manila was captured by the Americans, May,
1898. On September 15 of that year the insurgent congress assembled
at Malolos, which was chosen as their seat of government; but, in
consequence of the advance of American troops, the capital was removed
(February, 1899) to several other places successively. In November,
1899, the insurgent government was broken up, Aguinaldo fleeing to
the mountains--where he was finally captured, in March, 1901.

[158] This order was founded by St. Benedict, who removed his monastery
from Subiaco to Monte Cassino in 529. He prescribed neither asceticism
nor laxity, but laid especial emphasis on work, ordering that each
monastery have a library. The clothing was generally black, but