lemented, by spaces
between the words corresponding to the pause in the thought or the
utterance.

He tested the letters by their legibility when seen for a small fraction
of a second through a narrow slit in a falling screen. Beginning with
the capitals, he found that out of two hundred and seventy trials for
each letter, W was recognized two hundred and forty-one times and E only
sixty-three times, the former being much more distinct and the latter
much less distinct than any other. Some letters, like S and C, were
found hard to recognize in themselves, and certain groups of letters,
such as O, Q, G, and C, were constantly confused with one another. Said
Dr. Cattell, "If I should give the probable time wasted each day through
a single letter, as E, being needlessly illegible, it would seem almost
incredible; and, if we could calculate the necessary strain put upon eye
and brain, it would be still more appalling."

In regard to the small letters he found a like difference in legibility.
Out of one hundred trials d was read correctly eighty-seven times, s
only twenty-eight times. He found s, g, c, and x particularly hard to
recognize by reason of their form; and certain pairs and groups were
sources of confusion. The group of slim letters, i, j, l, f, t, is an
instance. He suggested that a new form of l, perhaps the Greek [Greek:
l], should be adopted; and he advocated the dropping of the dot from the
i, as in Greek. He made experiments upon the German as well as the Roman
alphabet, but he found the former so bad that he could only advise
giving it up altogether.

Somewhat later, in 1888, Mr. E. C. Sanford, now president of Clark
College, published in the "American Journal of Psychology" an exhaustive
study on "The Relative Legibility of the Small Letters." He studied
simply the letter forms, to determine the order of legibility in the
alphabet and the groups most liable to confusion, in order to discover
what letters most need improvement and upon what clearness depends. He
too employed a special type. He found the order under the distance test
to be w m q p v y j f h r d g k b x l n u a t i z o c s e, and the order
under the time test m w d q v y j p k f b l i g h r x t o u a n e s c z.
It will be noticed that of the seven letters most largely represented in
a full font of type, e t a i n o s, all fall in the last third of one or
the other of these two groups, four are there in both groups, while e,
the letter used