of businessmen. Their riches
automatically pushed them into a position of pre-eminent importance from
which they were able to make public policy and utilize public authority
for the protection and advancement of their own class interests. It also
called into being a vast array of new professionals; teachers,
engineers, scientists, technicians, social workers and propagandists,
converting the "middle class" from a shadowy remnant of feudal society
into the largest class numerically and the most influential class
politically in the entire modern community.

At the same time, economic enrichment and expansion increased the
importance of the war-making apparatus. The expansion of civilization
has involved a competitive struggle carried on constantly along several
fronts, economic, political, cultural, ideological. The means of
struggle in every civilization has included the military as a political
force and as a final arbiter in deciding who should win and who should
lose civil and inter-group wars. Victory and defeat determined the fate
of land and natural resources, populations, capital installations,
taxing facilities, domestic policing. This deterministic role of the war
machine has never been more dramatically in the foreground than during
the crucial years from 1910 to the present day, when war apparatus costs
have topped the list of government expenditures.

Growth of state functions with the expansion of the economy has
resulted in the creation of a vast state bureaucratic apparatus. Heading
this bureaucracy are the ministers of state, each with a separate
department. Under the department heads are sub-departments, sub-divided
in their turn into bureaus or separate offices. At each level, functions
are assigned and salaries are fixed. Entrance into this anthill is
sometimes by personal favor, sometimes by examination. Once in, however,
barring misbehavior, or some catastrophe like the abolition of a
particular bureau, the office holder is in for life with a pension when
he is retired for age.

Inside the bureaucracy there is a slow movement determined by seniority.
There is also some skipping, as when new bureaus are formed or when
death or retirement offer opportunities for the favored few to move
forward or skip upward. As we read the record, the bureaucracy existed
in the days of Egypt's Amenhotep, or in those of Rome's Augustus Caesar,
as it exists today--locally in every municipality, province, nation and
em