the food and
building materials necessary to feed, house, and clothe a community and
provide it with some of the niceties of daily living.

The fourth requirement is the presence of sufficient man-power to
operate the nucleus and provide a surplus for defense and for its
extension and expansion.

The fifth requirement is defensibility against aggression or invasion.

The sixth essential is the availability of sufficient raw materials to
meet the requirements of the nucleus, provide the exports needed to
maintain a favorable trade balance for the nucleus and permit of its
expansion, advancement and enrichment.

Seventh, and in some ways, the most important requirement for the
establishing of an empire or a civilization nucleus, is the presence of
a will to live, a will to grow, a will to advance, competence in
management, and a dogged persistence that will remain constant through
generations or centuries of adversity, and still more demanding, through
long periods of security, comfort and affluence.

Eighth, and by no means least important, is the capacity to fight and
win the aggressive trade and military wars incidental to the defense and
expansion of the nucleus, of the empire, and eventually of the
civilization.

The ninth requirement is tolerance, receptivity to new ideas and
practices, the capacity to adapt and to assimilate the outside elements
which are constantly incorporated into the growing, expanding empire or
the civilization.

Finally, as we read the history and observe the development of nuclei,
empires and civilizations, we are impressed by the role of outstanding
individuals who occupy positions of responsibility over sufficiently
long periods or with sufficient intensity to leave a lasting impression
on the ideas, practices and institutions of their times. This
requirement covers the practice of effective leadership.

Our concern, at this point, lies primarily with the first eight of these
requirements for survival and success in building up empires and
civilizations.

Empires and civilizations are established during periods of social
expansion when the up-building and out-going urges are widely felt. The
surge produces not a single center of growth and expansion but dozens or
scores of competitors, each aiming to win and keep a position well in
advance of its rivals. The resulting up-surge and free-for-all, which
usually lasts for centuries, is a characteristic and recurring feature
in the