o open
and shut as required. Double windows are recommended, but of the
lattice kind, so that they may open, and with wire-gauze blinds
fitted into the opening, and calico blinds, which may be wetted
when additional coolness is required. The other apartment will
be used for churning, washing, and scrubbing--in fact, the
scullery of the dairy, with a boiler for hot water, and a sink
with cold water laid on, which should be plentiful and good. In
some dairies a third apartment, or, at least, a cool airy
pantry, is required for storing away butter, with shelves of
marble or slate, to hold the cream-jars while it is ripening;
and where cheeses are made, a fourth becomes necessary. The
dairy utensils are not numerous,--_churns_, _milk-pails_ for
each cow, _hair-sieves_, _slices of tin_, milk-pans, marble
dishes for cream for family use, scales and weights, a portable
rack for drying the utensils, _wooden bowls_, butter-moulds and
butter-patters, and _wooden tubs_ for washing the utensils,
comprising pretty nearly everything.

2359. _Pails_ are made of maple-wood or elm, and hooped, or of
tin, more or less ornamented. One is required for each cow.

2360. The _Hair-Sieve_ is made of closely-twisted horse-hair,
with a rim, through which the milk is strained to remove any
hairs which may have dropped from the cow in milking.

2361. _Milk-Dishes_ are shallow basins of glass, of glazed
earthenware, or tin, about 16 inches in diameter at top, and 12
at the bottom, and 5 or 6 inches deep, holding about 8 to 10
quarts each when full.

2362. _Churns_ are of all sorts and sizes, from that which
churns 70 or 80 gallons by means of a strap from the engine, to
the square box in which a pound of butter is made. The churn
used for families is a square box, 18 inches by 12 or 13, and 17
deep, bevelled below to the plane of the _dashers_, with a loose
lid or cover. The dasher consists of an axis of wood, to which
the four beaters or fanners are attached; these fans are simply
four pieces of elm strongly dovetailed together, forming an
oblong square, with a space left open, two of the openings being
left broader than the others; attached to an axle, they form an
axis with four projecting blades; the axle fits into supports at
the centre of the box; a handle is fitted to it, and the act of