Concordat, articles 4, 5, 16.]

[Footnote 5173: Articles Organiques, I., pp. 2, 6.]

[Footnote 5174: Code penal, decree of Feb. 16-20, 1810, article 207.]

[Footnote 5175: Napoleon's own expressions: "I may regard myself as the
head of the Catholic ministry, since the Pope has crowned me." (Pelet
de la Lozere, p. 210, July 17, 1806.)--Note the word crowned (sacre).
Napoleon, as well as former kings, considers himself as clothed with
ecclesiastical dignity.]

[Footnote 5176: On the sense and bearing of Gallican maxims cf. the
whole of the answer by Portalis to Cardinal Caprara. (Emile Ollivier,
"Nouveau manuel de droit ecclesiastique," p.150.)]

[Footnote 5177: Decree of Feb.25, 1810. (The edict of Louis XIV. is
attached to it.) Prohibition to teach or write "anything opposed to
the doctrine contained" in the declaration of the French clergy. "Every
professor of theology must sign and submit to teaching the doctrine
therein set forth."--In establishments where there are several
professors "one of them will be annually directed to teach the said
doctrine."--In colleges where there is but one professor "he will be
obliged to teach it one of three consecutive years."--The professors are
required to hand in to the competent authority "their minutes dictated
to the pupils."--None of them can be "licensed, whether in theology or
in canon law, nor graduated as doctor, without having maintained the
said doctrine in one of his theses."]

[Footnote 5178: Cf., for details, d'Haussonville, I., p.200 et seq.]

[Footnote 5179: Pelet de la Lozere, p. 205. (Words of Napoleon, Feb. 4,
1804.)]

[Footnote 5180: A procedure used by Stalin and copied by all his
satellite states. (SR.)]

[Footnote 5181: Thibaudeau, p.157 (Messidor 2, year X).]

[Footnote 5182: Roederer, III., pp. 535, 567.]

[Footnote 5183: Pelet de la Lozere, p.203. (Napoleon's words, Feb. 4,
1804.)--Law of March 14, 1804.]

[Footnote 5184: Cf. "Letters of Mgr. Claude Simon, bishop of Grenoble,
April 18, 1809, and October 6, 1811."]

[Footnote 5185: Articles Organiques, p.68.]

[Footnote 5186: Bercastel and Henrion, "Histoire generale de l'Eglise,"
XIII., p.32. (Speech by M. Roux-Laborie, deputy in 1816.)--At the
present day, the ordinations oscillate between 1200 and 1700 per annum.]

[Footnote 5187: Decree of November 15, 1811, articles 28, 29, 32. "On
and after July 1, 1812, all secondary ecclesiastical schools (small
seminaries) which may not be situat