art of the superior.
He approves of, or appoints, the confessor of the establishment; he
maintains seclusion in it, he draws tighter or relaxes the observances;
he himself enters its doors by privilege of his office, and, with his
own eyes, he inspects its regime, spiritual and temporal, through
a right of control which extends from the direction of souls to the
administration of property.

To so many obligatory matters he adds others which are voluntary, not
alone works of piety, those relating to worship, propaganda, diocesan
missions, catechizing adults, brotherhoods for perpetual adoration,
meetings for the uninterrupted recital of the rosary, Peter's pence,
seminary funds, Catholic journals and reviews-but, again, institutions
for charity and education.[5255] In the way of charity, he founds or
supports twenty different kinds, sixty in one diocese alone, general
and special services, infant nurseries, clubs, asylums, lodging-houses,
patronages, societies for helping and placing the poor, for the sick at
home and in the hospitals, for suckling infants, for the deaf and dumb,
for the blind, for old men, for orphans, for repentant prostitutes, for
prisoners, for soldiers in garrison, for workmen, apprentices, youths,
and quantities of others. In the way of education, there are yet more of
them--works which the Catholic chiefs have most at heart; without these,
it is impossible in modern society to preserve the faith in each new
generation. Hence, at each turning-point of political history, we see
the bishops benefiting by the toleration or warding off the intolerance
of the teaching State, competing with it, erecting alongside of its
public schools free schools of its own, directed or served by priests
or religious brotherhoods;--after the suppression of the university
monopoly in 1850, more than one hundred colleges[5256] for secondary
education; after the favorable law of 1875, four or five provincial
faculties or universities for superior instruction after the hostile
laws of 1882, many thousands of parochial schools for primary
instruction.

Foundation and support, all this is expensive. The bishop requires a
great deal of money, especially since the State, become ill-disposed,
cuts off clerical resources as much as possible, no longer maintains
scholarships in the seminaries, deprives suspicious desservans of their
small stipends, eats into the salaries of the prelates, throws
obstacles in the way of communal l